5. Okārantapulliṅganāmikapadamālā

Bhū dhātuto pavattānaṃ, nāmikānamito paraṃ;

Nāmamālaṃ pakāsissaṃ, nāmamālantarampi ca.

Vippakiṇṇakathā ettha, evaṃ vutte na hessati;

Pabhedo nāmamālānaṃ, paripuṇṇova hehiti.

Pubbācariyasīhānaṃ, tasmā idha mataṃ sutaṃ;

Purecaraṃ karitvāna, vakkhāmi savinicchayaṃ.

Puriso, purisā. Purisaṃ, purise. Purisena, purisehi, purisebhi. Purisassa, purisānaṃ. Purisā, purisasmā, purisamhā, purisehi, purisebhi. Purisassa, purisānaṃ. Purise, purisasmiṃ, purisamhi, purisesu. Bho purisa, bhavanto purisā.

Ayamāyasmatā mahākaccānena pabhinnapaṭisambhidena katasmā niruttipiṭakato uddharito purisaiccetassa pakatirūpassa nāmikapadamālānayo. Tatra purisavacanaekavacanaputhuvacanesu paccattavacanādīni bhavanti. Taṃ yathā? Puriso tiṭṭhati, purisā tiṭṭhanti. Tatra purisoti purisavacane ekavacane paccattavacanaṃ bhavati, purisāti purisavacane puthuvacane paccattavacanaṃ bhavati.

Purisaṃ passati, purise passati. Tatra purisanti purisavacane ekavacane upayogavacanaṃ bhavati, puriseti purisavacane puthuvacane upayogavacanaṃ bhavati.

Purisena kataṃ, purisehi kataṃ, purisebhi kataṃ. Tatra purisenāti purisavacane ekavacane karaṇavacanaṃ bhavati, purisehi, purisebhīti purisavacane puthuvacane karaṇavacanaṃ bhavati.

Purisassa dīyate, purisānaṃ dīyate. Tatra purisassāti purisavacane ekavacane sampadānavacanaṃ bhavati, purisānanti purisavacane puthuvacane sampadānavacanaṃ bhavati.

Purisā nissaṭaṃ, purisasmā nissaṭaṃ, purisamhā nissaṭaṃ, purisehi nissaṭaṃ, purisebhi nissaṭaṃ. Tatra purisāti purisavacane ekavacane nissakkavacanaṃ bhavati. Purisasmāti…pe… purisamhāti purisavacane ekavacane nissakkavacanaṃ bhavati, purisehi, purisebhīti purisavacane puthuvacane nissakkavacanaṃ bhavati.

Purisassa pariggaho, purisānaṃ pariggaho. Tatra purisassāti purisavacane ekavacane sāmivacanaṃ bhavati, purisānanti purisavacane puthuvacane sāmivacanaṃ bhavati.

Purise patiṭṭhitaṃ, purisasmiṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ, purisamhi patiṭṭhitaṃ, purisesu patiṭṭhitaṃ. Tatra puriseti purisavacane ekavacane bhummavacanaṃ bhavati, purisasminti…pe… purisamhīti…pe… purisesūti purisavacane puthuvacane bhummavacanaṃ bhavati.

Bho purisa tiṭṭha, bhavanto purisā tiṭṭhatha. Tatra bho purisaiti purisavacane ekavacane ālapanaṃ bhavati, bhavanto purisāiti purisavacane puthuvacane ālapanaṃ bhavatīti iminā nayena sabbattha nayo vitthāretabbo.

Yamakamahātherena katāya pana cūḷaniruttiyaṃ ‘‘bho purisa’’iti rassavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ vatvā ‘‘bho purisā’’iti dīghavasena ālapanabahuvacanaṃ vuttaṃ. Kiñcāpi tādiso nayo niruttipiṭake natthi, tathāpi bahūnamālapanavisaye ‘‘bho yakkhā’’itiādīnaṃ ālapanabahuvacanānaṃ jātakaṭṭhakathādīsu dissanato pasatthatarova hoti viññūnaṃ pamāṇañca, tasmā iminā yamakamahātheramatenapi ‘‘puriso purisā purisa’’ntiādīni vatvā āmantane ‘‘bho purisa, bho purisā, bhavanto purisā’’ti nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā.

Tattha purisoti paṭhamāya ekavacanaṃ. Purisāti bahuvacanaṃ. Purisanti dutiyāya ekavacanaṃ. Puriseti bahuvacanaṃ. Purisenāti tatiyāya ekavacanaṃ. Purisehi, purisebhīti dve bahuvacanāni. Purisassāti catutthiyā ekavacanaṃ. Purisānanti bahuvacanaṃ. Purisā, purisasmā, purisamhāti tīṇi pañcamiyā ekavacanāni. Purisehi, purisebhīti dve bahuvacanāni. Purisassāti chaṭṭhiyā ekavacanaṃ. Purisānanti bahuvacanaṃ. Purise, purisasmiṃ, purisamhīti tīṇi sattamiyā ekavacanāni. Purisesūti bahuvacanaṃ. Bho purisāti aṭṭhamiyā ekavacanaṃ. Bho purisā, bhavanto purisāti dve bahuvacanāni.

Kiñcāpetesu ‘‘purisā’’ti idaṃ paṭhamāpañcamīaṭṭhamīnaṃ, ‘‘purise’’ti idaṃ dutiyāsattamīnaṃ, ‘‘purisehi, purisebhī’’ti tatiyāpañcamīnaṃ, ‘‘purisāna’’nti catutthīchaṭṭhīnaṃ ekasadisaṃ, tathāpi atthavasena asaṅkarabhāvo veditabbo. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Puriso tiṭṭhati, purisā tiṭṭhanti. Purisaṃ passati, purise passatī’’tiādinā.

Tattha ca bhoti āmantanatthe nipāto. So na kevalaṃ ekavacanaṃyeva hoti, atha kho bahuvacanampi hotīti ‘‘bho purisā’’iti bahuvacanappayogopi gahito. ‘‘Bhavanto’’tidaṃ pana bahuvacanameva hotīti ‘‘purisā’’ti puna vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Iti yamakamahātherena ‘‘bho purisa’’iti rassavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ vatvā ‘‘bho purisā’’iti dīghavasena ālapanabahuvacanaṃ vuttaṃ. Tathā hi pāḷiyaṃ aṭṭhakathāsu ca nipātabhūto bhosaddo ekavacanabahuvacanavasena dvidhā bhijjati. Atrimāni nidassanapadāni – ‘‘api nu kho sapariggahānaṃ tevijjānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ apariggahena brahmunā saddhiṃ saṃsandati sametīti, no hidaṃ bho gotama. Acchariyaṃ bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ bho ānanda, ehi bho samaṇa, bho pabbajita’’iccādipāḷito aṭṭhakathāto ca bhosaddassa ekavacanappayoge pavattinidassanaṃ, ‘‘tena hi bho mamapi suṇātha. Yathā mayameva arahāma taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ, nāhaṃ bho samaṇassa gotamassa subhāsitaṃ subhāsitato nābbhanumodāmi, passatha bho imaṃ kulaputtaṃ. Bho yakkhā ahaṃ imaṃ tumhākaṃ bhājetvā dadeyyaṃ. Aparisuddho panamhi, bho dhuttā tumhākaṃ kriyā mayhaṃ na ruccati. So te purise āha bho tumhe maṃ mārentā rañño dassetvāva mārethā’’ti iccādi pana pāḷito aṭṭhakathāto ca bhosaddassa bahuvacanappayoge pavattinidassanaṃ. Kaccāyanappakaraṇe pana ‘‘bho purisa, bho purisā’’ti padadvayaṃ ālapanekavacanavasena vuttaṃ. Taṃ yathā āgamehi na virujjhati, tathā gahetabbaṃ.

Keci pana adūraṭṭhassālapane ‘‘bho purisa’’iti rassavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ icchanti, dūraṭṭhassālapane pana ‘‘bho purisā’’iti dīghavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ icchanti. Adūraṭṭhānaṃ dūraṭṭhānañca purisānaṃ itthīnañca ālapane na kiñci vadanti. Tathā adūraṭṭhāya dūraṭṭhāya ca itthiyā ālapane te pucchitabbā ‘‘adūraṭṭhānaṃ dūraṭṭhānañca purisānamālapane kathaṃ vattabba’’nti. Addhā te evaṃ puṭṭhā uttari kiñci vattuṃ na sakkhissanti. Evampi te ce vadeyyuṃ ‘‘bhavanto purisāti imināva adūraṭṭhānaṃ dūraṭṭhānañca purisānamālapanaṃ bhavatī’’ti. Tadā te vattabbā ‘‘yadi bhavanto purisā’’ti iminā advejjhena vacanena adūraṭṭhānaṃ dūraṭṭhānañca purisānamālapanaṃ bhavati, evaṃ sante ‘‘bho purisa’’iti rassapadenapi dūraṭṭhassa ca purisassālapanaṃ vattabbaṃ, evaṃ avatvā kimatthaṃ adūraṭṭhassālapane ‘‘bho purisa’’iti rassavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ icchatha, kimatthañca dūraṭṭhassālapane ‘‘bho purisā’’iti dīghavasena ālapanekavacanaṃ icchatha.

Nanu ‘‘taggha bhagavā bojjhaṅgā, taggha sugata bojjhaṅgā’’tiādīsu ālapanapadabhūtaṃ ‘‘bhagavā’’iti dīghapadaṃ samīpe ṭhitakālepi dūre ṭhitakālepi buddhassālapanapadaṃ bhavitumarahateva, tathā ālapanapadabhūtaṃ ‘‘sugata’’iti rassapadampi. Yasmā panetesu ‘‘bhagavā’’ti ālapanapadassa na katthacipi rassattaṃ dissati, ‘‘sugatā’’ti ālapanapadassa ca na katthacipi dīghattaṃ dissati, tasmā dīgharassamattābhedaṃ acintetvā ‘‘purisa’’iti rassavasena vuttapadaṃ pakatissaravasena samīpe ṭhitassa purisassa āmantanakāle adūraṭṭhassālapanapadaṃ bhavati, āyatassaravasena dūre ṭhitapurisassa āmantanakāle dūraṭṭhassālapanapadaṃ bhavatīti gahetabbaṃ. Tathā ‘‘bhavanto purisā, bho yakkhā, bho dhuttā’’tiādīni dīghavasena vuttāni ālapanabahuvacanapadānipi pakatissaravasena samīpe ṭhitapurisānaṃ āmantanakāle adūraṭṭhānamālapanapadāni bhavanti, āyatassaravasena dūre ṭhitapurisādīnaṃ āmantanakāle dūraṭṭhānamālapanapadāni bhavantīti gahetabbāni. Tathā hi brāhmaṇā katthaci katthaci rassaṭṭhānepi dīghaṭṭhānepi āyatena sarena majjhimāyatena sarena accāyatena ca sarena vedaṃ paṭhanti likhitumasakkuṇeyyena gītassarena viya. Iti sabbakkharesupi āyatena sarenuccāraṇaṃ labbhateva likhitumasakkuṇeyyaṃ, tasmā asampathamanotaritvā ‘‘bho purisa’’iti vacanena dūraṭṭhassa ca adūraṭṭhassa ca purisassālapanaṃ bhavati, ‘‘bho purisā, bhavanto purisā’’ti imehi vacanehipi dūraṭṭhānañca adūraṭṭhānañca purisānamālapanaṃ bhavatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Iti dūraṭṭhassa adūraṭṭhānañca āyatena sarena āmantanameva pamāṇaṃ, na dīgharassamattāviseso, tasmā ‘‘bho sattha, bho rāja, bho gaccha, bho muni, bho daṇḍi, bho bhikkhu, bho sayambhu, bhoti kaññe, bhoti patti, bhoti itthi, bhoti yāgu, bhoti vadhu, bho kula, bho aṭṭhi, bho cakkhu’’iccevamādīhi padehi adūraṭṭhassālapanañca dūraṭṭhassālapanañca bhavati. ‘‘Bhavanto satthā, satthāro, bhotiyo kaññā, kaññāyo’’ti evamādīhipi padehi adūraṭṭhānañcālapanaṃ bhavatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Idaṃ panettha sanniṭṭhānaṃ –

Tassa taṃ vacanaṃ sutvā, rañño puttaṃ adassayuṃ;

Putto ca pitaraṃ disvā, dūratovajjhabhāsatha.

Āgacchu dovārikā khaggabandhā,

Kāsāviyā hantu mamaṃ janinda;

Akkhāhi me pucchito etamatthaṃ,

Aparādho ko nvidha mamajja atthi.

Evaṃ saddhammarājena, vohārakusalena ve;

Sudesite somanassa-jātake sabbadassinā.

Dūraṭṭhānepi rassattaṃ, ‘‘janinda’’iti dissati;

Na katthacipi dīghattaṃ, iti nīti mayā matā.

Idampettha vattabbaṃ ‘‘kuto nu bho idamāyātaṃ ‘dūraṭṭhassālapanaṃ adūraṭṭhassālapanami’ti’’? Saddasatthato. Saddasatthaṃ nāma na sabbaso buddhavacanassopakārakaṃ, ekadesena pana hoti.

Imasmiṃ pakaraṇe ‘‘bahuvacana’’nti vā ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti vā ‘‘anekavacana’’nti vā atthato ekaṃ, byañjanameva nānaṃ, tasmā sabbattha ‘‘bahuvacana’’nti vā ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti vā ‘‘anekavacana’’nti vā vohāro kātabbo, puthuvacanaṃ anekavacananti ca idaṃ sāsane niruttaññūnaṃ vohāro, itaraṃ saddasatthavidūnaṃ.

Kasmā pana imasmiṃ pakaraṇe dvivacanaṃ na vuttanti? Yasmā buddhavacane dvivacanaṃ nāma natthi, tasmā na vuttanti. Nanu buddhavacane vacanattayaṃ atthi, tathā hi ‘‘āyasmā’’ti idaṃ ekavacanaṃ, ‘‘āyasmantā’’ti idaṃ dvivacanaṃ, ‘‘āyasmanto’’ti idaṃ bahuvacananti? Tanna, yadi ‘‘āyasmantā’’ti idaṃ vacanaṃ dvivacanaṃ bhaveyya, ‘‘puriso purisā’’tiādīsu kataraṃ dvivacananti vadeyyātha, tasmā buddhavacane dvivacanaṃ nāma natthi. Teneva hi si yo aṃ yo nā hītiādinā ekavacanabahuvacanāneva dassitānīti.

Nanu ca bho ‘‘suṇantu me āyasmantā, ajja uposatho pannaraso. Yadāyasmantānaṃ pattakallaṃ, mayaṃ aññamaññaṃ pārisuddhiuposathaṃ kareyyāmā’’ti pāḷiyaṃ dve sandhāya ‘‘āyasmantā’’ti vuttaṃ, ‘‘uddiṭṭhā kho āyasmanto cattāro pārājikā dhammā’’tiādīsu pana pāḷīsu bahavo sandhāya ‘‘āyasmanto’’ti vuttaṃ, na ca sakkā vattuṃ ‘‘yathā tathā vutta’’nti , parivāsādiārocanepi aṭṭhakathācariyehi viññātasugatādhippāyehi ‘‘dvinnaṃ ārocentena ‘āyasmantā dhārentū’ti, tiṇṇaṃ ārocentena ‘āyasmanto dhārentū’ti vattabba’’nti vuttattāti? Saccaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ pana vinayavohāravasena vuttanti. Nanu vinayo buddhavacanaṃ, kasmā ‘‘buddhavacane dvivacanaṃ nāma natthī’’ti vadathāti? Saccaṃ vinayo buddhavacanaṃ, tathāpi vinayakammavasena vuttattā upalakkhaṇamattaṃ, na sabbasādhāraṇabahuvacanapariyāpannaṃ. Yadi hi ‘‘āyasmantā’’ti idaṃ dvivacanaṃ siyā, tappayogānipi kriyāpadāni dvivacanāneva siyuṃ, tathārūpānipi kriyāpadāni na santi. Na hi akkharasamayakovido jhānalābhīpi dibbacakkhunā vassasatampi vassasahassampi samavekkhanto buddhavacane ekampi kriyāpadaṃ dvivacananti passeyya, evaṃ kriyāpadesu dvivacanassābhāvā nāmikapadesu dvivacanaṃ natthi. Nāmikapadesu tadabhāvāpi kriyāpadesu tadabhāvo veditabbo. Sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ dvīsupi dvivacanāni santi, māgadhabhāsāyaṃ pana natthi.

Apica ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti niruttivohāropi ‘‘buddhavacane dvivacanaṃ natthī’’ti etamatthaṃ dīpeti. Tañhi sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ vuttā dvivacanato bahuvacanato ca visuṃbhūtaṃ vacanaṃ, tattha vā vuttehi atthehi visuṃbhūtassa atthassa vacanaṃ ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti vuccati. Kathamidaṃ sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ vuttā dvivacanato bahuvacanato ca visuṃbhūtaṃ vacananti ce? Yasmā sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti vohāro natthi, tasmā idaṃ tehi sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ vuttehi dvivacanabahuvacanehi visuṃbhūtaatthassa vacananti vuccati. Kathañca pana sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ vuttehi visuṃbhūtassa atthassa vacananti puthuvacananti ce? Yasmā sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ dve upādāya dvivacanaṃ vuttaṃ, na ticatupañcādike bahavo upādāya, bahavo pana upādāya bahuvacanaṃ vuttaṃ, na dve upādāya, ayaṃ sakkaṭabhāsāya viseso. Māgadhabhāsāyaṃ pana dviticatupañcādike bahavo upādāya puthuvacanaṃ vuttaṃ, tasmā sakkaṭabhāsāyaṃ vuttehi atthehi visuṃbhūtassa atthassa vacananti puthuvacananti vuccati. Ayaṃ māgadhabhāsāya viseso. Tasmātra puthubhūtassa, puthuno vā atthassa vacanaṃ ‘‘puthuvacana’’nti attho samadhigantabbo.

Idāni ‘‘puriso, purisā, purisa’’nti niruttipiṭakato uddharitanayaṃ nissāya pakatirūpabhūtassa bhūtasaddassa nāmikapadamālā vuccate –

Bhūto, bhūtā. Bhūtaṃ, bhūte. Bhūtena, bhūtehi, bhūtebhi. Bhūtassa, bhūtānaṃ. Bhūtā, bhūtasmā, bhūtamhā, bhūtehi, bhūtebhi. Bhūtassa, bhūtānaṃ. Bhūte, bhūtasmiṃ, bhūtamhi, bhūtesu. Bho bhūta, bhavanto bhūtā.

Atha vā ‘‘bho bhūtā’’iti bahuvacanaṃ viññeyyaṃ. Yathā panettha bhūtaiccetassa pakatirūpassa nāmikapadamālā purisanayena yojitā, evaṃ bhāvakādīnañca aññesañca taṃsadisānaṃ nāmikapadamālā purisanayena yojetabbā. Etthaññāni taṃsadisāni nāma ‘‘buddho’’tiādīnaṃ padānaṃ buddhaiccādīni pakatirūpāni.

Buddho dhammo saṅgho maggo,

Khandho kāyo kāmo kappo;

Māso pakkho yakkho bhakkho,

Nāgo megho bhogo yāgo.

Rāgo doso moho māno,

Makkho thambho kodho lobho;

Hāso vero dāho tejo,

Chando kāso sāso rogo.

Asso sasso isso sisso,

Sīho byaggho rukkho selo;

Indo sakko devo gāmo,

Cando sūro ogho dīpo.

Passo yañño cāgo vādo,

Hattho patto soso gedho;

Somo yodho gaccho accho,

Geho māḷo aṭṭo sālo.

Naro nago migo saso,

Suṇo bako ajo dijo;

Hayo gajo kharo saro,

Dumo talo paṭo dhajo.

Urago paṭago vihago bhujago,

Kharabho sarabho pasado gavajo;

Mahiso vasabho asuro garuḷo,

Taruṇo varuṇo baliso paligho.

Sālo dhavo ca khadiro,

Godhumo saṭṭhiko yavo;

Kaḷāyo ca kulattho ca,

Tilo muggo ca taṇḍulo.

Khattiyo brāhmaṇo vesso,

Suddo dhutto ca pukkuso;

Caṇḍālo patiko paṭṭho,

Manusso rathiko ratho.

Pabbajito gahaṭṭho ca,

Goṇo oṭṭho ca gadrabho;

Mātugāmo ca orodho,

Iccādīni vibhāvaye.

Kecettha vadeyyuṃ ‘‘nanu bho ‘orodhā ca kumārā cā’ti pāṭhassa dassanato orodhasaddo itthiliṅgo’’ti? Tanna, tattha hi ‘‘orodhā’’ti idaṃ okārantapulliṅgameva, nā’kārantitthiliṅgaṃ, tumhe pana ‘‘ākārantitthiliṅga’’nti maññamānā evaṃ vadatha, na panidaṃ ākārantitthiliṅgaṃ, atha kho ‘‘mātugāmā’’tipadaṃ viya bahuvacanavasena vuttamākārantapadanti. Nanu ca bho sammohavinodaniyādīsu orodhasaddassa itthiliṅgatā pākaṭā, kathanti ce? ‘‘Rukkhe adhivatthā devatā therassa kuddhā paṭhamameva manaṃ palobhetvā ‘ito te sattadivasamatthake upaṭṭhāko rājā marissatī’ti supine ārocesi. Thero taṃ kathaṃ sutvā rājorodhānaṃ ācikkhi. Tā ekappahāreneva mahāviravaṃ viraviṃsū’’ti. Ettha hi ‘‘rājorodhāna’’nti vatvā ‘‘tā’’ti vuttattāva orodhasaddassa itthiliṅgatā pākaṭāti? Tanna, atthassa duggahaṇato. Duggahito hi ettha tumhehi attho, ettha pana orodhasaddena itthipadatthassa kathanato itthipadatthaṃ sandhāya ‘‘tā’’ti vuttattā ‘‘tā itthiyo’’ti ayamevattho. Tumhe pana amātāpitarasaṃvaddhattā ācariyakule ca anivuṭṭhattā etaṃ sukhumatthamajānantā yaṃ vā taṃ vā mukhārūḷhaṃ vadatha.

Bhuñjanatthaṃ kathanatthaṃ, mukhaṃ hotīti no vade;

Yaṃ vā taṃ vā mukhārūḷhaṃ, vacanaṃ paṇḍito naroti.

Na mayaṃbho yaṃ vā taṃ vā mukhārūḷhaṃ vadāma, aṭṭhakathācariyānaññeva vacanaṃ gahetvā vadāma, aṭṭhakathāyeva amhākaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ , na mayaṃ tumhākaṃ saddahāmāti. Amhākaṃ saddahatha vā mā vā, mā tumhe ‘‘aṭṭhakathācariyānaññeva vacanaṃ gahetvā vadāmā’’ti aṭṭhakathācariye abbhācikkhatha. Na hi aṭṭhakathācariyehi ‘‘orodhasaddo itthiliṅgo’’ti vuttaṭṭhānamatthi, tasmāpi aṭṭhakathācariye abbhācikkhatha, na yuttaṃ buddhādīnaṃ garūnamabbhācikkhanaṃ mahato anatthassa lābhāya saṃvattanato. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā ‘‘attanā duggahitena amhe ceva abbhācikkhati, bahuñca apuññaṃ pasavati, tato attānañca khaṇatī’’ti.

Evaṃ abbhācikkhanassa ayuttataṃ sāvajjatañca dassetvā punapi te idaṃ vattabbā – jātakaṭṭhakathāyampi tumhehi āhaṭaudāharaṇasadisaṃ udāharaṇamatthi, taṃ suṇātha. Kosiyajātakaṭṭhakathāyañhi ‘‘satthā jetavane viharanto ekaṃ sāvatthiyaṃ mātugāmaṃ ārabbha kathesi. Sā kirekassa saddhassa pasannassa upāsakabrāhmaṇassa brāhmaṇī dussīlā pāpadhammā’’ti pāṭho dissati. Ettha hi ‘‘mātugāmaṃ ārabbha kathesī’’ti vatvā ‘‘sā’’ti vuttattā tumhākaṃ matena mātugāmasaddo itthiliṅgoyeva siyā, na pulliṅgo, kimidaṃ aṭṭhakathāvacanampi na passatha, tadeva pana aṭṭhakathāvacanaṃ passatha, kiṃ sā eva aṭṭhakathā tumhākaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ, na tadaññāti.

Yadi tāsaddaṃ apekkhitvā orodhasaddassa itthiliṅgattamicchatha, etthāpi sāsaddamapekkhitvā mātugāmasaddassa itthiliṅgattamicchathāti. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā appaṭibhānā maṅkubhūtā pattakkhandhā adhomukhā pajjhāyeyyuṃ. Etthāpi mātugāmasaddena itthipadatthassa kathanato itthipadatthaṃ sandhāya ‘‘sā’’ti vuttattā ‘‘sā itthī’’ti ayamevattho. Katthaci hi padhānavācakena pulliṅgena napuṃsakaliṅgena vā samānādhikaraṇassa guṇasaddassa abhidheyyaliṅgānuvattittāpulliṅgavasena vā napuṃsakaliṅgavasena vā niddisitabbattepi liṅgamanapekkhitvā itthipadatthamevāpekkhitvā itthiliṅganiddeso dissati. Taṃ yathā? ‘‘Idha visākhe mātugāmo susaṃvihitakammantā hoti saṅgahitaparijanā bhattumanāpaṃ carati, sambhataṃ anurakkhatī’’ti ca, ‘‘ko nu kho bhante hetu ko paccayo, yena midhekacco mātugāmo dubbaṇṇā ca hoti durūpā supāpikā dassanāya, daliddā ca hoti appassakā appabhogā appesakkhā ca. Idha mallike ekacco mātugāmo kodhanā hoti upāyāsabahulā, appampi vuttā samānā abhisajjati kuppati byāpajjati patitthiyati kopañca dosañca appaccayañca pātukarotī’’ti ca, ‘‘taṃ kho pana bhikkhave itthiratanaṃ rañño cakkavattissa pubbuṭṭhāyinī pacchānipātinī kiṃkārapaṭissāvinī’’ti ca ime payogā.

Katthaci pana padhānavācakena napuṃsakaliṅgena samānādhikaraṇassa guṇasaddassa abhidheyyaliṅgānuvattittā napuṃsakaliṅgavasena niddisitabbattepi liṅgamanapekkhitvā purisapadatthamevāpekkhitvā pulliṅganiddeso dissati. Taṃ yathā? ‘‘Pañca paccekabuddhasatāni imasmiṃ isigilismiṃ pabbate ciranivāsino ahesuṃ. Taṃ kho pana rañño cakkavattissa pariṇāyakaratanaṃ ñātānaṃ pavesetā aññātānaṃ nivāretā’’ti. Katthaci padhānavācakena liṅgattayena samānādhikaraṇassa guṇasaddassa abhidheyyaliṅgānurūpaṃ niddeso dissati. Taṃ yathā? Sā itthī ‘‘sīlavatī kalyāṇadhammā. Aṭṭhahi kho nakulamāte dhammehi samannāgato mātugāmo kāyassa bhedā parammaraṇā manāpakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Saddho purisapuggalo, saddhaṃ kulaṃ, cittaṃ dantaṃ sukhāvaha’’nti.

Seyyaiti saddo pana yebhuyyena okārantabhāve ṭhatvā liṅgattayānukūlo bhavati ekākāreneva tiṭṭhanato. Kathaṃ? Seyyo amitto matiyā upeto. Esāva pūjanā seyyo, ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo.

‘‘Dhammena ca alābho yo,

Yo ca lābho adhammiko;

Alābho dhammiko seyyo,

Yañce lābho adhammiko.

Yaso ca appabuddhīnaṃ, viññūnaṃ ayaso ca yo;

Ayasova seyyo viññūnaṃ, na yaso appabuddhinaṃ.

Dummedhehi pasaṃsā ca, viññūhi garahā ca yā;

Garahāva seyyo viññūhi, yañce bālappasaṃsanā.

Sukhañca kāmamayikaṃ, dukkhañca pavivekikaṃ;

Pavivekaṃ dukkhaṃ seyyo, yañce kāmamayaṃ sukhaṃ.

Jīvitañca adhammena, dhammena maraṇañca yaṃ;

Maraṇaṃ dhammikaṃ seyyo, yañce jīve adhammika’’nti.

Evamayaṃ seyya iti saddo okārantabhāve ṭhatvā liṅgattayānukūlo bhavati. Katthaci pana ākārantabhāve ṭhatvā itthiliṅgānukūlo dissati ‘‘itthīpi hi ekacciyā, seyyā posa janādhipā’’ti. Niggahītanto pana hutvā napuṃsakaliṅgānukūlo apasiddho. Evaṃpakāre payoge kiṃ tumhe na passathāti. Evaṃ vuttā ca te niruttarāva bhavissanti.

Sacepi te ettha evaṃ vadeyyuṃ ‘‘tattha tattha suttappadese aṭṭhakathādīsu ca ‘mātugāmo’ti vā ‘mātugāmenā’ti vā okārantapulliṅgabhāvena mātugāmasaddassa dassanato pulliṅgabhūtaṃ mātugāmasaddaṃ anapekkhitvā itthipadatthameva apekkhitvā ‘‘sā itthī’’ti itthīsaddena sāsaddassa sambandhaggahaṇaṃ mayaṃ sampaṭicchāma, ‘orodho’ti vā ‘orodhenā’ti vā okārantapulliṅgabhāvena ṭhitassa orodhasaddassa adassanato pana tumhehi vuttaṃ purimatthaṃ na sampaṭicchāmā’’ti. Tadā tesaṃ imāni vinayapāḷiyaṃ āgatapadāni dassetabbāni ‘‘tena kho pana samayena rājā udeno uyyāne paricāresi saddhiṃ orodhena, atha kho rañño udenassa orodho rājānaṃ udenaṃ etadavocā’’ti. Evaṃ imāni suttapadāni dassetvā suttanipātaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘rāmo nāma rājā kuṭṭharogī orodhehi ca nāṭakehi ca jigucchamāno’’ti vacanañca dassetvā ‘‘gacchatha tumhe garukulamupagantvā bhagavato saddhammassa ciraṭṭhitatthaṃ sādhukaṃ padabyañjanāni uggaṇhathā’’ti uyyojetabbā.

Idāni mātugāmasaddādīsu kiñci vinicchayaṃ vadāma – mātugāmasaddo ca orodhasaddo ca dārasaddo cāti ime itthipadatthavācakāpi samānā ekantena pulliṅgā bhavanti. Tesu dārasaddassa ekasmiṃ atthe vattamānassāpi bahuvacanakattameva saddasatthavidū icchanti, na ekavacanakattaṃ. Mayaṃ pana dārasaddassa ekasmiṃ atthe ekavacanakattaṃ, yebhuyyena pana bahuvacanakattaṃ anujānāma, bavhatthe vattabbameva natthi. Pāḷiyañhi dārasaddo yebhuyyena bahuvacanako bhavati, ekavacanako appo. Tatrime payogā –

‘‘Dāsā ca dāsyo anujīvino ca,

Puttā ca dārā ca mayañca sabbe;

Dhammañcarāmapparalokahetu,

Tasmā hi amhaṃ daharā na miyyare’’ti ca,

‘‘Yo ñātīnaṃ sakhīnaṃ vā, dāresu paṭidissati;

Sahasā sampiyāyena, taṃ jaññāvasalo itī’’ti ca,

‘‘Sehi dārehi’santuṭṭho, vesiyāsu padissati;

Dissati paradāresu, taṃ parābhavato mukha’’nti ca,

‘‘Puttesu dāresu ca yā apekkhā’’ti ca byāse, samāse pana ‘‘puttadārā disā pacchā, puttadārehi mattano’’ti ca evamādayo bahuvacanappayogā bahavo bhavanti.

Ekavacanappayogā pana appā. Seyyathidaṃ? ‘‘Garūnaṃ dāre, dhammaṃ care yopi samuñjakaṃ care, dārañca posaṃ dadamappakasmi’’nti ca,

‘‘Ye gahaṭṭhā puññakarā, sīlavanto upāsakā;

Dhammena dāraṃ posenti, te namassāmi mātalī’’ti ca,

‘‘Paradāraṃ na gaccheyyaṃ, sadārapasuto siya’’nti ca,

‘‘Yo icche puriso hotuṃ, jātiṃ jātiṃ punappunaṃ;

Paradāraṃ vivajjeyya, dhotapādova kaddama’’nti ca

Evamādayo ekavacanappayogā appā.

Samāhāralakkhaṇavasena panesa dārasaddo napuṃsakaliṅgekavacanopi katthaci bhavati. ‘‘Ādāya puttadāraṃ. Puttadārassa saṅgaho’’iti evaṃ idha vuttappakārena liṅgañca atthañca sallakkhetvā ‘‘puriso purisā’’ti pavattaṃ purisasaddanayaṃ nissāya sabbesaṃ ‘‘bhūto bhāvako bhavo’’tiādīnaṃ bhūdhātumayānaṃ aññesañcokārantapadānaṃ nāmikapadamālāsu saddhāsampannehi kulaputtehi saddhammaṭṭhitiyā kosallamuppādetabbaṃ.

Kiṃ pana sabbāni okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbappakārena ekasadisāneva hutvā paviṭṭhānīti? Na paviṭṭhāni. Kānici hi okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhāni ca honti, ekadesena paviṭṭhāni ca, kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhāni ca honti, ekadesena na paviṭṭhāni ca, kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhāneva. Tatra katamāni kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhāni ca honti, ekadesena paviṭṭhāni ca? ‘‘Saro vayo ceto’’tiādīni. Saroiti hi ayaṃsaddo ususaddasaravanaakārādisaravācako ce, purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭho. Rahadavācako ce, manogaṇapakkhikattā purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭho. Vayoiti saddo parihānivācako ce, purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭho. Āyukoṭṭhāsavācako ce, manogaṇapakkhikattā purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭho. Ceto iti saddo yadi paṇṇattivācako, purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭho. Yadi pana cittavācako, manogaṇapakkhikattā purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭho. Manogaṇo ca nāma –

Mano vaco vayo tejo,

Tapo ceto tamo yaso;

Ayo payo siro chando,

Saro uro raho aho –

Ime soḷasa.

Idāni yathāvuttassa pākaṭīkaraṇatthaṃ manasaddādīnaṃ nāmikapadamālaṃ kathayāma –

Mano , manā. Manaṃ, mano, mane. Manasā, manena, manehi, manebhi. Manaso, manassa, manānaṃ. Manā, manasmā, manamhā, manehi, manebhi. Manaso, manassa, manānaṃ. Manasi, mane, manasmiṃ, manamhi, manesu. Bho mana, bhavanto manā.

Atha vā ‘‘bho manā’’iti bahuvacanampi ñeyyaṃ. Evaṃ vaco, vacā. Vacaṃ, vaco, vace. Vacasātiādinā nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā. Ahasaddassa pana bhummekavacanaṭṭhāne ahasi, ahe, ahasmiṃ, ahamhi, ahu, ahanīti yojetabbā.

Idāni rūpantaravisesadassanatthaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgassa manasaddassapi nāmikapadamālaṃ vadāma, aṭṭhāne ayaṃ kathitāti na codetabbaṃ.

Manaṃ, manāni, manā. Manaṃ, manāni, mane. Manena, manehi, manebhi. Manassa, manaso, manānaṃ. Manā, manasmā, manamhā, manehi, manebhi. Manassa, manaso, manānaṃ. Mane, manasmiṃ, manamhi, manesu. Bho mana, bhavanto manā. Atha vā ‘‘bho manāni, bho manā’’evampi bahuvacanaṃ veditabbaṃ. Evamuttaratrāpi nayo.

Ettha ca pulliṅgassa manasaddassa paccattakaraṇasampadānasāmibhummavacanāni mano manasā manaso manasīti rūpāni ṭhapetvā yāni sesāni, napuṃsakaliṅgassa ca manasaddassa paccattavacanāni ‘‘manaṃ manānī’’ti rūpāni ca, aṭṭhamyopayogavacanānaṃ ‘‘manaṃ manānī’’ti rūpadvayañca ṭhapetvā yāni sesāni, tāni sabbāni kamato samasamāni.

Keci okāranto manoiti saddo napuṃsakaliṅgoti vadanti, te vattabbā – yadi so napuṃsakaliṅgo siyā, tassadisehi vaco vayotiādisaddehipi napuṃsakaliṅgeheva bhavitabbaṃ, na ‘‘te napuṃsakaliṅgā’’ti garū vadanti, ‘‘pulliṅgā’’icceva vadanti. Yasmā ca pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘kāyo anicco; mano anicco’’ti ca ‘‘kāyo dukkho, mano dukkho’’ti ca ‘‘nicco vā anicco vāti anicco bhante’’ti ca evamādayo pulliṅgappayogā bahavo diṭṭhā. Tena ñāyati manosaddo ekantena pulliṅgoti. Yadi pana napuṃsakaliṅgosiyā, ‘‘anicco dukkho’’ti evamādīni taṃsamānādhikaraṇāni anekapadasatānipi napuṃsakaliṅgāneva siyuṃ. Na hi tāni napuṃsakaliṅgāni, atha kho abhidheyyaliṅgānuvattakāni vāccaliṅgāni. Evaṃ manosaddassa pulliṅgatā paccetabbāti, sace manosaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo na hoti, kathaṃ ‘‘manānī’’ti napuṃsakarūpaṃ dissatīti? Saccaṃ ‘‘manānī’’ti napuṃsakaliṅgameva, tathāpi manogaṇe pamukhabhāvena gahitassokārantassa manasaddassa rūpaṃ na hoti. Atha kiñcarahīti ce? Cittasaddena samānaliṅgassa samānasutittepi manogaṇe apariyāpannassa niggahītantasseva manasaddassa rūpaṃ. Manasaddo hi punnapuṃsakavasena dvidhā bhijjati ‘‘mano manaṃ’’iti yathā ‘‘ajjavoajjava’’nti. ‘‘Mano ce nappadussati. Santaṃ tassa manaṃ hotī’’ti hi pāḷi. Yadi ca so manosaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo na hoti.

‘‘Garu cetiyapabbatavattaniyā,

Pamadā pamadā pamadā vimadaṃ;

Samaṇaṃ sunisamma akā hasitaṃ,

Patitaṃ asubhesu munissa mano’’ti

Ettha manosaddena samānādhikaraṇo ‘‘patita’’nti saddo napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvena kasmā sannihito. Yasmā ca samānādhikaraṇapadaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvena sannihitaṃ, tasmā saddantarasannidhānavasena manosaddo napuṃsakaliṅgoti ñāyatīti? Tanna, samānādhikaraṇapadassa sabbattha liṅgavisesājotanato. Yadi hi samānādhikaraṇapadaṃ sabbattha liṅgavisesaṃ joteyya, ‘‘cattāro indriyānī’’ti etthāpi ‘‘cattāro’’ti padaṃ indriyasaddassa pulliṅgattaṃ kareyya, na ca kātuṃ sakkoti. Indriyasaddo hi ekantena napuṃsakaliṅgo. Yadi tumhe ‘‘patita’’nti samānādhikaraṇapadaṃ nissāya manosaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgattamicchatha, ‘‘cattāro indriyānī’’ti etthapi ‘‘cattāro’’ti samānādhikaraṇapadaṃ nissāya indriyasaddassa pulliṅgattaṃ icchathāti. Na mayaṃ bho indriyasaddassa pulliṅgattaṃ icchāma, atha kho napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃyeva icchāma, ‘‘cattāro’’ti padaṃ liṅgavipallāsavasena ṭhitattā ‘‘cattārī’’ti gaṇhāma, tasmā ‘‘cattāri indriyānī’’ti atthaṃ dhāremāti. Yadi evaṃ ‘‘patitaṃ asubhesu munissa mano’’ti etthāpi ‘‘patita’’nti padaṃ liṅgavipallāsavasena ṭhitanti mantvā ‘‘patito’’ti atthaṃ dhārethāti. Na dhārema ettha liṅgavipallāsassa anicchitabbato. Yadi hi manosaddo pulliṅgo siyā, taṃsamānādhikaraṇapadaṃ ‘‘patito’’ti vattabbaṃ siyā. Kimācariyo evaṃ vattuṃ na jāni, jānamāno eva so ‘‘patito’’ti nāvoca, ‘‘patita’’nti panāvoca, tena ñāyati ‘‘manosaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo’’ti. Mā tumhe evaṃ vadetha, samānādhikaraṇapadaṃ nāma katthaci padhānaliṅgamanuvattati, katthaci nānuvattati, tasmā na taṃ liṅgavisesajotane ekantato pamāṇaṃ. ‘‘Mātugāmo, orodho, āvuso visākha, ehi visākhe, cittāni aṭṭhīnī’’ti evamādirūpavisesoyeva pamāṇaṃ. Yadi samānādhikaraṇapadeyeva liṅgaviseso adhigantabbo siyā, ‘‘cattāro ca mahābhūtā’’tiādīsu liṅgavavatthānaṃ na siyā. Yasmā evamādīsupi ṭhānesu liṅgavavatthānaṃ hotiyeva. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Cattāro’’ti pulliṅgaṃ ‘‘mahābhūtā’’ti napuṃsakanti, tasmā ‘‘patitaṃ asubhesu munissa mano’’ti etthāpi ‘‘patita’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ ‘‘mano’’ti pulliṅganti vavatthānaṃ bhavatīti. Idaṃ sutvā te tuṇhī bhavissanti. Tato tesaṃ tuṇhībhūtānaṃ idaṃ vattabbaṃ – yasmā manogaṇe pavattānaṃ padānaṃ samānādhikaraṇapadāni katthaci napuṃsakavasena yojetabbāni, tasmā manogaṇe pamukhassa manosaddassapi samānādhikaraṇapadāni katthaci napuṃsakavasena yojitāni. Tathā hi pubbācariyā ‘‘saddhammatejavihataṃ vilayaṃ khaṇena, veneyyasattahadayesu tamo’payāti. Dukkhaṃ vaco etasminti dubbaco. Avanataṃ siro yassa soyaṃ avaṃsiro, appakaṃ rāgādi rajo yesaṃ paññāmaye akkhimhi te apparajakkhā’’tiādinā saddaracanaṃ kubbiṃsu, na pana tehi vaco siro rajosaddādīnaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃ vibhāvetuṃ īdisī saddaracanā katā, atha kho siromanosaddānaṃ manogaṇe pavattānaṃ pulliṅgasaddānaṃ katthacipi īdisānipi liṅgavipallāsavasena ṭhitāni samānādhikaraṇapadāni hontīti paresaṃ jānāpanādhippāyavatiyā anukampāya viracitā. Etthāpi tumhākaṃ matena manosaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgatte sati vaco siro iccādayopi napuṃsakaliṅgattamāpajjanti napuṃsakaliṅgavasena samānādhikaraṇapadānaṃ niddiṭṭhattā. Kiṃ panetesampi napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃ icchathāti. Addhā te idampi sutvā nibbeṭhetumasakkontā tuṇhī bhavissanti. Kiñcāpi te aññaṃ gahetabbakāraṇaṃ apassantā evaṃ vadeyyuṃ ‘‘yadi bho mano saddo napuṃsakaliṅgona hoti, kasmā veyyākaraṇā ‘manosaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo’ti vadantī’’ti? Te vattabbā – yadi tumhe veyyākaraṇamataṃ gahetvā manosaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgattaṃ rocetha, nanu bhagavāyeva loke asadiso mahāveyyākaraṇo mahāpuriso visārado parappavādamaddano. Bhagavantañhi padakā veyyākaraṇā ambaṭṭhamāṇavapokkharasātisoṇadaṇḍādayo ca brāhmaṇā saccakanigaṇṭhādayo ca paribbājakā vādena na sampāpuṇiṃsu, aññadatthu bhagavāyeva mattavāraṇagaṇamajjhe kesarasīho viya asambhīto nesaṃ nesaṃ vādaṃ maddesi, mahante ca ne atthe patiṭṭhāpesi, evaṃvidhena bhagavatā vohārakusalena yasmā ‘‘kāyo anicco’’ti ca ‘‘kāyo dukkho, mano anicco, mano dukkho’’ti ca evamādinā vuttā manosaddassa pulliṅgabhāvasūcanikā bahū pāḷiyo dissanti, tasmā manosaddo pulliṅgoyevāti sārato paccetabboti. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā appaṭibhānā maṅkubhūtā pattakkhandhā adhomukhā pajjhāyissanti.

Idāni sarasaddādīnaṃ nāmikapadamālā visesato vuccate –

Saro, sarā. Saraṃ, sare. Sarena, sarehi, sarebhi. Sarassa, sarānaṃ. Sarā, sarasmā, saramhā, sarehi, sarebhi. Sarassa, sarānaṃ. Sare, sarasmiṃ, saramhi, saresu. Bho sara, bhavanto sarā.

Ayaṃ purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhassa ususaddasaravanaakārādisaravācakassa sarasaddassa nāmikapadamālā.

Ayaṃ pana purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhassa manogaṇapakkhikassa rahadavācakassa sarasaddassa nāmikapadamālā –

Saro, sarā. Saraṃ, saro, sare. Sarasā, sarena, sarehi, sarebhi. Saraso, sarassa, sarānaṃ. Sarā, sarasmā, saramhā, sarehi, sarebhi. Saraso, sarassa, sarānaṃ. Sarasi, sare, sarasmiṃ, saramhi, saresu. Bho sara, bhavanto sarā, bho sarā iti vā.

Vayo, vayā. Vayaṃ, vaye. Vayena, vayehi, vayebhīti purisanayena ñe yyo. Ayaṃ purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhassa parihānivācakassa vayasaddassa nāmikapadamālā.

Ayaṃ pana purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhassa manogaṇapakkhikassa āyukoṭṭhāsavācakassa vayasaddassa nāmikapadamālā – vayo, vayā. Vayaṃ, vayo, vaye. Vayasā, vayena, vayehi, vayebhīti mananayena ñeyyo. Tassa ceto paṭissosi, araññe luddagocaro. Cetā haniṃsu vedabbaṃ.

Ceto, cetā. Cetaṃ, cete. Cetena, cetehi, cetebhīti purisanayena ñeyyo. Ayaṃ purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhassa paṇṇattivācakassa cetasaddassa nāmikapadamālā.

Ayaṃ pana purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhassa cittavācakassa cetasaddassa nāmikapadamālā – ceto, cetā. Cetaṃ, ceto, cete. Cetasā, cetena, cetehi, cetebhīti mananayena ñeyyo. Yaso kulaputto, yasaṃ kulaputtaṃ, yasena kulaputtenāti ekavacanavasena purisanayena yojetabbā, ekavacanaputhuvacanavasena vā. Evaṃ kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbathā paviṭṭhāni ca honti, ekadesena paviṭṭhāni cāti iminā nayena sabbapadāni paññācakkhunā upaparikkhitvā viseso veditabbo. Avisesaññuno hi evamādivibhāgaṃ ajānantā yaṃ vā taṃ vā byañjanaṃ ropentā yathādhippetaṃ atthaṃ virādhenti, tasmā yo ettha amhehi pakāsito vibhāgo, so saddhāsampannehi kulaputtehi sakkaccamuggahetabbo. Katamāni kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhāni ca ekadesena na paviṭṭhāni ca? Mano vaco tejosaddādayo ceva ayyasaddo ca, tatra manasaddādīnaṃ nāmikapadamālā heṭṭhā vibhāvitā.

Ayyasaddassa pana nāmikapadamālāyaṃ ‘‘ayyo, ayyā. Ayyaṃ, ayye’’ti purisanayena vatvā ālapanaṭṭhāne ‘‘bho ayya, bho ayyo’’ti dve ekavacanāni, ‘‘bhavanto ayyā, bhavanto ayyo’’ti dve bahuvacanāni ca vattabbāni. Ettha ayyo iti saddo paccattavacanabhāve ekavacanaṃ, ālapanavacanabhāve ekavacanañceva bahuvacanañca. Tatrime payogā ‘‘ayyo kira sāgato ambatitthikena nāgena saṅgāmesi, pivatu bhante ayyo sāgato kāpotikaṃ pasanna’’nti evamādīni ayyosaddassa paccattekavacanappayogāni, ‘‘atha kho sā itthī taṃ purisaṃ etadavoca ‘nāyyo so bhikkhu maṃ nippāṭesi, apica ahameva tena bhikkhunā gacchāmi, akārako so bhikkhu, gaccha khamāpehī’ti’’ evamādīni ayyosaddassa ālapanekavacanappayogāni, ‘‘etha’yyo rājavasatiṃ, nisīditvā suṇātha me. Etha mayaṃ ayyo samaṇesu sakyaputtiyesu pabbajissāmā’’ti evamādīni ayyosaddassa ālapanabahuvacanappayogāni. Bhavati catra –

Ayyo iti ayaṃ saddo, paccattekavaco bhave;

Ālapane bahuvaco, bhave ekavacopi ca –

Evaṃ kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhāni ca honti ekadesena na paviṭṭhāni ca.

Katamāni kānici okārantapadāni purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhāni? Gosaddoyeva. Gosaddassa hi ayaṃ nāmikapadamālā –

Go, gāvo, gavo. Gāvuṃ, gāvaṃ, gavaṃ, gāvo, gavo. Gāvena, gavena, gohi, gobhi. Gāvassa, gavassa, gavaṃ, gunnaṃ, gonaṃ. Gāvā, gāvasmā, gāvamhā, gavā, gavasmā, gavamhā, gohi, gobhi. Gāvassa, gavassa, gavaṃ, gunnaṃ, gonaṃ. Gāve, gāvasmiṃ, gāvamhi, gave, gavasmiṃ , gavamhi, gāvesu, gavesu, gosu. Bho go, bhavanto gāvo, gavo. Ayaṃ purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhassa gosaddassa nāmikapadamālā.

Nanu ca bho gosaddo attanā sambhūtagoṇasaddamālāvasena purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭho ceva ekadesena na paviṭṭho cāti? Saccaṃ. Goṇasaddo gosaddavasena sambhūtopi ‘‘vatticchānupubbikā saddapaṭipattī’’ti vacanato gosaddato visuṃ amhehi gahetvā purisanaye pakkhitto. Tassa hi visuṃ gahaṇe yutti dissati syādīsu ekākāreneva tiṭṭhanato, tasmā gosaddato sambhūtampi goṇasaddaṃ anapekkhitvā suddhaṃ gosaddameva gahetvā purisanaye sabbathā gosaddassa appaviṭṭhatā vuttā.

Nanu ca bho paccattavacanabhūto goiti saddo purisoti saddena sadisattā purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhoti? Tanna, gosaddo hi niccamokāranto, na purisasaddādayo viya paṭhamaṃ akārantabhāve ṭhatvā pacchā paṭiladdhokārantaṭṭho. Teneva hi paccattavacanaṭṭhānepi ālapanavacanaṭṭhānepi goicceva tiṭṭhati. Yadi paccattavacanattaṃ paṭicca gosaddassa purisanaye ekadesena paviṭṭhatā icchitabbā, ‘‘kānici okārantapadānī’’ti evaṃ vuttā okārantakathā kamatthaṃ dīpeyya, nipphalāva sā kathā siyā, tasmā amhehi yathāvutto nayoyeva āyasmantehi manasi kātabbo. Evaṃ gosaddassa purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhatā daṭṭhabbā.

Kecettha evaṃ puccheyyuṃ ‘‘gosaddassa tāva ‘go, gāvo, gavo. Gāvuṃ, gāvaṃ, gavaṃ’ iccādinā nayena purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhatā amhehi ñātā, jaraggava puṅgavādisaddā pana kutra naye paviṭṭhā’’ti? Tesaṃ evaṃ byākātabbaṃ ‘‘jaraggava puṅgavādisaddā sabbathāpi purisanaye paviṭṭhā’’ti. Tathā hi tesaṃ gosaddato ayaṃ viseso, jaranto ca so go cāti jaraggavo. Ettha nakāralopo takārassa ca gakārattaṃ bhavati samāsapadattā, samāse ca simhi pare gosaddassokārassa avādeso labbhati, tasmā pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘visāṇena jaraggavo’’ti ekavacanarūpaṃ dissati. Tathā hi aññattha anupapadattā gavoiti bahuvacanapadaṃyeva dissati. Idha pana sopapadattā samāsapadabhāvamāgamma ‘‘jaraggavo’’ti ekavacanapadaṃyeva dissati. Tathā hi jaraggavoti ettha jarantā ca te gavo cāti evaṃ bahuvacanavasena nibbacanīyatā na labbhati lokasaṅketavasena ekasmiṃ atthe nirūḷhattāti. ‘‘Jaraggavo, jaraggavā. Jaraggavaṃ, jaraggave. Jaraggavenā’’ti purisanayena nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā. Esa nayo puṅgavo sakyapuṅgavotiādīsupi.

Tatra puṅgavoti gunnaṃ yūthapati nisabhasaṅkhāto usabho. Yo pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘muhuttajātova yathā gavaṃpati, samehi pādehi phusī vasundhara’’nti ca ‘‘gavañce taramānānaṃ, ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo’’ti ca āgato. Īdisesu pana ṭhānesu keci ‘‘pumā ca so go cāti puṅgavo’’ti vacanatthaṃ bhaṇanti. Mayaṃ pana padhāne nirūḷho ayaṃ saddoti vacanatthaṃ na bhaṇāma. Na hi puṅkokilotiādisaddānaṃ kokilādīnaṃ pumbhāvappakāsanamatte samatthatā viya imassa pumbhāvappakāsanamatte samatthatā sambhavati, atha kho padhānabhāvappakāsane ca samatthatā sambhavati. Tena ‘‘sakyapuṅgavo’’tiādīsu nisabhasaṅkhāto puṅgavo viyāti puṅgavo, sakyānaṃ, sakyesu vā puṅgavo sakyapuṅgavotiādinā samāsapadattho gahetabbo. Atha vā uttarapadatte ṭhitānaṃ sīhabyagghanāgādisaddānaṃ seṭṭhavācakattā ‘‘sakyapuṅgavo’’tiādīnaṃ ‘‘sakyaseṭṭho’’tiādinā attho gahetabbo. Iti sabbathāpi purisanaye pavattanato jaraggava puṅgavādisaddānaṃ gosaddassa padamālato visadisapadamālatā vavatthapetabbā. Gosaddassa pana purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhatā ca vavatthapetabbā.

Āpasadde ācariyānaṃ liṅgavacanavasena matibhedo vijjati, tasmā taṃmatena tassa purisanaye sabbathā appaviṭṭhatā bhavati. ‘‘Aṅguttarāpesū’’ti pāḷiyā aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘mahiyā pana nadiyā uttarena āpo’’ti vuttaṃ, ṭīkāyaṃ pana taṃ ulliṅgitvā ‘‘mahiyā nadiyā āpo tassa janapadassa uttarena honti, tāsaṃ avidūrattā so janapado uttarāpo’’ti vuttaṃ. Evaṃ āpasaddassa ekantena itthiliṅgatā bahuvacanatā ca ācariyehi icchitā, tesaṃ mate āpoiti itthiliṅge paṭhamābahuvacanarūpe honte dutiyātatiyāpañcamīsattamīnaṃ bahuvacanarūpāni kīdisāni siyuṃ. Tathā hi ‘‘purise, purisehi purisebhi purisesū’’ti rūpavato pulliṅgassa viya okārantitthiliṅgassa ekāraehi kārādiyuttāni rūpāni katthacipi na dissanti. Ato tesaṃ mate padamālānayo atīva dukkaro.

Āpasaddassa garavo, saddasatthanayaṃ pati;

Bahuvacanatañcitthi-liṅgabhāvañca abravuṃ.

Iccāpasaddassa itthiliṅgabahuvacanantatā veyyākaraṇānaṃ mataṃ nissāya anumatāti veditabbā. Aṭṭhasāliniyaṃ pana āpo iti saddassa napuṃsakaliṅgekavacanavasena vutto payogo diṭṭho ‘‘omattaṃ pana āpo adhimattapathavīgatikaṃ jāta’’nti. Jātakapāḷiyaṃ tu tassekavacanantatā diṭṭhā. Tathā hi ‘‘suciṃ sugandhaṃ salilaṃ, āpo tatthābhisandatī’’ti. Imasmiṃ padese āpo iti saddo ekavacanaṭṭhāne ṭhito diṭṭho. Kecettha vadeyyuṃ ‘‘āpoti saṅkhaṃ gataṃ salilaṃ suci sugandhaṃ hutvā tattha abhisandatīti salilaṃsaddavasena ekavacanappayogo kato, na nāmasaddavasena. Āpasaddo hi ekantenitthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacananto ca. Tathā hi ‘āpo tatthābhisandantī’ti bahuvacanavasena tappayogo vattabbopi chandānurakkhaṇatthaṃ vacanavipallāsavasena niddiṭṭho’’ti. Tanna, ‘‘āpo tatthābhisandare’’ti vattuṃ sakkuṇeyyattā ‘‘tāni ajja padissare’’ti bahuvacanappayogā viya. Yasmā evaṃ na vuttaṃ, yasmā ca pana pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘āpo labbhati, tejo labbhati, vāyo labbhatī’’ti ekavacanappayogo dissati, tasmā ‘‘āpo’’ti saddassa ekavacanantatā paccakkhato diṭṭhāti.

Athāpi ce vadeyyuṃ – nanu pāḷiyaṃyeva tassa bahuvacanantatā paccakkhato diṭṭhā ‘‘āpo ca devā pathavī ca, tejo vāyo tadāgamu’’nti? Tampi na. Ettha hi ‘‘devā’’ti saddaṃ apekkhitvā ‘‘āgamu’’nti bahuvacanappayogo kato, na ‘‘āpo’’ti saddaṃ. Yadi ‘‘āpo’’ti saddaṃ sandhāya bahuvacanappayogo kato siyā, ‘‘pathavī’’ti ‘‘tejo’’ti ‘‘vāyo’’ti ca saddampi sandhāya bahuvacanappayogo kato siyā . Evaṃ sante pathavī tejo vāyosaddāpi bahuvacanakabhāvamāpajjeyyuṃ, na pana āpajjanti. Na hete bahuvacanakā, atha kho ekavacanakā eva. Rūḷhīvasena te pavattā pakatiāpādīsu atthesu appavattanato. Tathā hi āpokasiṇādīsu parikammaṃ katvā nibbattā devā ārammaṇavasena ‘‘āpo’’tiādināmaṃ labhantīti. Evaṃ vuttāpi te evaṃ vadeyyuṃ ‘‘nanu ca bho ‘aṅguttarāpesū’ti bahuvacanapāḷi dissatī’’ti? Te vattabbā – asampathamavatiṇṇā tumhe, na hi tumhe saddappavattiṃ jānātha, ‘‘aṅguttarāpesū’’ti bahuvacanaṃ pana ‘‘kurūsu aṅgesu aṅgānaṃ magadhāna’’ntiādīni bahuvacanāni viya rūḷhīvasena ekassāpi janapadassa vuttaṃ, na āpasaṅkhātaṃ atthaṃ sandhāya. ‘‘Aṅguttarāpesū’’ti ettha hi āpasaṅkhāto attho upasajjanībhūto, pulliṅgabahuvacanena pana vutto janapadasaṅkhāto atthoyeva padhāno ‘‘āgatasamaṇo saṅghārāmo’’ti ettha samaṇasaṅkhātaṃ atthaṃ upasajjanakaṃ katvā pavattassa āgatasamaṇasaddassa saṅghārāmasaṅkhāto attho viya, tasmā āpasaṅkhātaṃ atthaṃ gahetvā yo aṅguttarāpo nāma janapado, tasmiṃ aṅguttarāpesu janapadeti attho veditabbo. Tathā hi ‘‘aṅguttarāpesu viharati āpaṇaṃ nāma aṅgānaṃ nigamo’’ti pāḷi dissati. Tattha uttarena mahāmahiyā nadiyā āpo yesaṃ te uttarāpā, aṅgā ca te uttarāpā cāti aṅguttarāpā, tesu aṅguttarāpesu. Evaṃ ekasmiṃ janapadeyeva bahuvacanaṃ na āpasaṅkhāte atthe, tena aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘tasmiṃ aṅguttarāpesu janapade’’ti. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā bhavissanti.

Tathāpi ye evaṃ vadanti ‘‘āpasaddo itthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacanakocā’’ti. Te pucchitabbā ‘‘kiṃ paṭicca tumhe āyasmanto ‘āpasaddo itthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacanako cā’ti vadathā’’ti ? Te evaṃ puṭṭhā evaṃ vadeyyuṃ – ‘‘aṅgāyeva so janapado, mahiyā pana nadiyā uttarena āpo, tāsaṃ avidūrattā uttarāpoti vuccatī’’ti ca ‘‘mahiyā pana nadiyā āpo tassa janapadassa uttarena honti, tāsaṃ avidūrattā so janapado uttarāpoti vuccatī’’ti ca evaṃ pubbācariyehi abhisaṅkhato saddaracanāviseso dissati, tasmā itthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacanako cā’’ti vadāmāti. Saccaṃ dissati, so pana saddasatthe veyyākaraṇānaṃ mataṃ gahetvā abhisaṅkhato, saddasatthañca nāma na sabbathā buddhavacanassopakārakaṃ, ekadesena pana hoti, tasmā kaccāyanappakaraṇe icchitānicchitasaṅgahavivajjanaṃ kātuṃ ‘‘jinavacanayuttañhi, liṅgañca nippajjate’’ti lakkhaṇāni vuttāni.

Yadi ca āpasaddo itthiliṅgabahuvacanako, kathaṃ āpoti padaṃ sijjhatīti? Āpasaddato paṭhamāyovacanaṃ katvā tassokārādesañca katvā āpoti padaṃ sijjhati ‘‘gāvo’’ti padamivāti. Visamamidaṃ nidassanaṃ, ‘‘gāvo’’ti padañhi niccokārantena gosaddena sambhūtaṃ. Tathā hi yomhi pare gosaddantassāvādesaṃ katvā tato yonamokārādesaṃ katvā ‘‘gāvo’’ti nipphajjati, āpasadde pana dve ādesā na santi. Buddhavacanañhi patvā āpasaddo akārantatāpakatiko jāto, na aññathāpakatikoti.

Evaṃ vuttāpi te ‘‘idameva saccaṃ, nāñña’’nti cetasi sannidhāya ādhānaggāhiduppaṭinissaggibhāve, ‘‘na vacanapaccanīkasātena suvijānaṃ subhāsita’’nti evaṃ vuttapaccanīkasātabhāve ca ṭhatvā evaṃ vadeyyuṃ ‘‘yatheva gāvosaddo, tatheva āposaddo kiṃ itthiliṅgo na bhavissati bahuvacanako cā’’ti? Tato tesaṃ imāni suttapadāni dassetabbāni. Seyyathidaṃ? ‘‘Āpaṃ āpato sañjānāti, āpaṃ āpato saññatvā āpaṃ maññati, āpasmiṃ maññati, āpaṃ meti maññati, āpaṃ abhinandatī’’ti evaṃ suttapadāni dassetvā ‘‘āpanti idaṃ kataravacana’’nti pucchitabbā. Addhā te āpasaddassa bahuvacanantabhāvameva icchamānā vakkhanti ‘‘dutiyābahuvacana’’nti. Te vattabbā ‘‘nanu yovacanaṃ na suyyatī’’ti? Te vadeyyuṃ ‘‘yovacanaṃ kataamādesattā na suyyatī’’ti. Yaṃ yaṃ bhonto icchanti, taṃ taṃ mukhārūḷhaṃ vadanti.

‘‘Āpato’’ti idaṃ pana kiṃ bhonto vadantīti? ‘‘Āpato’’ti idampi ‘‘bahuvacanakaṃ topaccayanta’’nti vadāma topaccayassa ekatthe ca bavhatthe ca pavattanato. Iti tumhe bahuvacanakattaṃyeva icchamānā ‘‘āposaddo ca yovacananto’’ti bhaṇatha, ‘‘āpato’’ti idampi ‘‘bahuvacanakaṃ topaccayanta’’nti bhaṇatha, ‘‘āpasmiṃ maññatī’’ti ettha pana ‘‘āpasmi’’ntidaṃ kataravacanantaṃ katarādesena sambhūtanti? Addhā te evaṃ puṭṭhā niruttarā bhavissanti. Tathā yesaṃ evaṃ hoti ‘‘āpasaddo itthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacanako cā’’ti, te pucchitabbā ‘‘yaṃ ācariyehi veyyākaraṇamataṃ gahetvā ‘yā āpo’ti ca ‘tāsa’nti ca vuttaṃ, tattha ‘kiṃ tāsa’nti vacane ‘āpāna’nti padaṃ ānetvā attho vattabbo, udāhu āpassā’’ti? ‘‘Āpāna’nti padamānetvā attho vattabbo’’ti ce, evañca sati ‘‘yā āpā’’ti vattabbaṃ ‘‘yā kaññā tiṭṭhantī’’ti padamiva. Atha ‘‘āpā’’ti padaṃ nāma natthi, ‘‘āpo’’ti padaṃyeva bahuvacanakanti ce, evaṃ sati ‘‘tāsa’’nti etthāpi ‘‘āpassā’’ti padaṃ ānetvā attho veditabbo. Kasmāti ce? Yasmā ‘‘āpo’’ti paccattekavacanassa tumhākaṃ matena bahuvacanatte sati ‘‘āpassā’’ti padampi bahuvacananti katvā tāsaṃsaddena yojetvā vattuṃ yuttitoti. Evaṃ sati ‘‘āpāna’’nti padassa abhāveneva bhavitabbaṃ. Yathā pana ‘‘puriso, purisā. Purisaṃ, purise’’ti ca, ‘‘go, gāvo, gavo. Gāvu’’nti ca ekavacanabahuvacanāni bhavanti, evaṃ ‘‘āpo, āpā. Āpaṃ, āpe’’ti ekavacanabahuvacanehi bhavitabbaṃ. Evañca sati ‘‘āpasaddo bahuvacanakoyeva hotī’’ti na vattabbaṃ.

Ye evaṃ vadanti, tesaṃ vacanaṃ sadosaṃ duppariharaṇīyaṃ mūlapariyāyasutte ‘‘āpaṃ maññati āpasmi’’nti ekavacanapāḷīnaṃ dassanato, visuddhimaggādīsu ca ‘‘vissandanabhāvena taṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ āpoti appotīti āpo’’tiādikassa ekavacanavasena vuttanibbacanassa dassanato. Yathā pana pāḷiyaṃ itthiliṅgepi pariyāpanno gosaddo ‘‘tā gāvo tato tato daṇḍena ākoṭeyyā’’ti ca ‘‘annadā baladā cetā’’ti ca ādinā bavhatthadīpakehi itthiliṅgabhūtehi sabbanāmikapadehi ca asabbanāmikapadehi ca samānādhikaraṇabhāvena vutto dissati, na tathā pāḷiyaṃ bavhatthadīpakehi itthiliṅgabhūtehi sabbanāmikapadehi vā asabbanāmikapadehi vā samānādhikaraṇabhāvena vutto āpasaddo dissati. Yadi hi āpasaddo itthiliṅgo siyā, kaññasaddato āpaccayo viya āpasaddato āpaccayo vā siyā, nadasaddato viya ca īpaccayo vā siyā, ubhayampi natthi, ubhayābhāvato itthiliṅge vuttaṃ sabbampi vidhānaṃ tattha na labbhati, tena ñāyati ‘‘āpasaddo anitthiliṅgo’’ti. Nanu ca bho gosaddatopi āpaccayo natthi, tadabhāvato itthiliṅge vuttavidhānaṃ na labbhati, evaṃ sante kasmā soyeva itthiliṅgo hoti, na panāyaṃ āpasaddoti?

Ettha vuccate – gosaddo na niyogā itthiliṅgo, atha kho pulliṅgova. Itthiliṅgabhāve pana tamhā āpaccaye ahontepi īpaccayo vikappena hoti, aññampi itthiliṅge vuttavidhānaṃ labbhati. So hi niccamokārantatāpakatiyaṃ ṭhatvā ‘‘go, gāvī’’tiādinā attano itthiliṅgarūpānaṃ nibbattikāraṇabhūto, tena so itthiliṅgo bhavati. Āpasadde pana īpaccayādi na labbhati. Tena so itthiliṅgoti na vattabbo. Yathā vā gosaddassa avisadākāravohārataṃ paṭicca itthiliṅgabhāvo upapajjati, na tathā āpasaddassa. Āpasaddassa hi anākularūpakkamattā avisadākāravohāratā na dissati, yāya eso itthiliṅgo siyā. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā bhavissanti.

Tathā yesaṃ evaṃ hoti ‘‘āpasaddo sabbadā itthiliṅgo ceva bahuvacanako cā’’ti, te vattabbā – yathā itthiliṅgabhūtassa kaññāsaddassa paṭhamaṃ kaññaiti rassavasena ṭhapitassa āpaccayato paraṃ smiṃvacanaṃ sarūpato na tiṭṭhati, yaṃbhāvena ca yābhāvena ca tiṭṭhati ‘‘kaññāyaṃ, kaññāyā’’ti, na tathā ‘‘itthiliṅga’’nti tumhehi gahitassa āposaddassa paṭhamaṃ āpaiti rassavasena ṭhapitassa paraṃ smiṃvacanaṃ yaṃbhāvena ca yābhāvena ca tiṭṭhati, atha kho sarūpatoyeva tiṭṭhati ‘‘āpasmiṃ maññatī’’ti. Yadi pana āpasaddo itthiliṅgo siyā, smiṃvacanaṃ sarūpato na tiṭṭheyya. Yasmā ca smiṃvacanaṃ sarūpato tiṭṭhati, tasmā āpasaddo na itthiliṅgo. Na hi caturāsītidhammakkhandhasahassasaṅgahesu anekakoṭisatasahassesu pāḷippadesesu ekasmimpi pāḷippadese paṭhamaṃ akārantabhāvena ṭhapetabbānaṃ itthiliṅgasaddānaṃ parato ṭhitaṃ smiṃvacanaṃ sarūpato tiṭṭhatīti. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā bhavissanti.

Keci panettha evaṃ vadeyyuṃ ‘‘āpasaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo, tathā hi aṭṭhasāliniyaṃ ‘omattaṃ pana āpo adhimattapathavīgatikaṃ jāta’nti napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvena taṃsamānādhikaraṇapadāni niddiṭṭhānī’’ti? Tanna, manogaṇe pavattehi tama vaca sirasaddādīhi viya āpasaddenapi samānādhikaraṇapadānaṃ katthaci napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvena niddisitabbattā. Pubbācariyānañhi saddaracanāsu ‘‘saddhammatejavihataṃ vilayaṃ khaṇena, veneyyasattahadayesu tamo payātī’’ti ettha ‘‘tamo’’tipadena samānādhikaraṇaṃ ‘‘vihata’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ dissati, tathā ‘‘dukkhaṃ vaco etasmiṃ vipaccanīkasāte puggaleti dubbaco’’ti ettha ‘‘vaco’’ti padena samānādhikaraṇaṃ ‘‘dukkha’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ, ‘‘avanataṃ siro yassa so avanatasiro’’ti ettha ‘‘siro’’ti padena samānādhikaraṇaṃ ‘‘avanata’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ, ‘‘appaṃ rāgādirajo yesaṃ paññāmaye akkhimhi te apparajakkhā’’ti ettha ‘‘rajo’’ti padena samānādhikaraṇaṃ ‘‘appa’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ dissati. Na te ācariyā tehi samānādhikaraṇapadehi tamavacasirasaddādīnaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattaviññāpanatthaṃ tathāvidhaṃ saddaracanaṃ kubbiṃsu, atha kho ‘‘sobhanaṃ mano tassāti sumano’’ti ettha viya manogaṇe pavattapulliṅgānaṃ payoge napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvenapi samānādhikaraṇapadāni katthaci hontīti dassanatthaṃ kubbiṃsu. Yathā ca ‘‘vihata’’ntiādikā saddaracanā tamavacasirasaddādīnaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattaviññāpanatthaṃ na katā, tathā ‘‘omatta’’nti ca ‘‘adhimattapathavīgatikaṃ jāta’’nti ca saddaracanāpi āpasaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgattaviññāpanatthaṃ na katā. Yasmā pana manogaṇe pavattehi manasaddādīhi ekadesena samānagatikattā āpasaddenapi napuṃsakaliṅgassa samānādhikaraṇatā yujjati, tasmā aṭṭhasāliniyaṃ ‘‘omattaṃ pana āpo adhimattapathavīgatikaṃ jāta’’nti napuṃsakaliṅgassa āpasaddena samānādhikaraṇatā katā. Tathāpi āpasaddo manasaddādīhi ekadesena samānagatiko samāsapadatte majjhokārassa ‘‘āpokasiṇaṃ, āpogata’’ntiādippayogassa dassanato, tasmā ‘‘omatta’’ntiādivacanaṃ āpasaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgattaviññāpanatthaṃ vuttanti na gahetabbaṃ, liṅgavipariyayavasena pana katthaci evampi saddagati hotīti ñāpanatthaṃ vuttanti gahetabbaṃ. ‘‘Omatto’’ti ca ‘‘adhimattapathavīgatiko jāto’’ti ca liṅgaṃ parivattetabbaṃ. Yadi hi āpasaddo napuṃsakaliṅgo siyā, sanikārāni’ssa paccattopayogarūpāni buddhavacanādīsu vijjeyyuṃ, na tādisāni santi. Kiñci bhiyyo – okārantaṃ nāma napuṃsakaliṅgaṃ katthacipi natthi, niggahītantaikāranta ukārantavasena hi tividhāniyeva napuṃsakaliṅgāni. Tena āpasaddassa napuṃsakaliṅgatā nupapajjatīti. Evaṃ vuttā te niruttarā bhavissanti. Iccokārantavasena gahitassa āpasaddassa itthiliṅgatā ca napuṃsakaliṅgatā ca ekantato natthi, niggahītantavasena pana gahitassa katthaci napuṃsakaliṅgatā siyā ‘‘bhante nāgasena samuddo samuddoti vuccati, kena kāraṇena āpaṃ udakaṃ samuddoti vuccatī’’ti payogadassanato. Ettha paneke vadeyyuṃ ‘‘yadi bho okārantavasena gahitassa āpasaddassa itthinapuṃsakaliṅgavasena dviliṅgatā natthi, okāranto āpasaddo kataraliṅgo’’ti? Pulliṅgoti mayaṃ vadāmāti.

Yadi ca bho āpasaddo pulliṅgo. Yathā āpasaddassa pulliṅgatā paññāyeyya, nijjhānakkhamatā ca bhaveyya, tathā suttaṃ āharathāti. ‘‘Āharissāmisuttaṃ, na no suttāharaṇe bhāro atthī’’ti evañca pana vatvā tesaṃ imāni suttapadāni dassetabbāni. Seyyathidaṃ? ‘‘Āpo upalabbhatīti? Āmantā. Āpassa kattā kāretā upalabbhatīti? Na hevaṃ vattabbe. Atīto āpo atthīti? Āmantā. Tena āpena āpakaraṇīyaṃ karotīti? Na hevaṃ vattabbe. Āpaṃ maññati āpasmiṃ maññatī’’ti imāni suttapadāni.

Ettha ca ‘‘upalabbhatī’’tiādinā āpasaddassa ekavacanatā siddhā, tāya siddhāya bahuvacanatāpi siddhāyeva. Ekavacanatāyeva hi saddasatthe paṭisiddhā, na bahuvacanatā, tena ‘‘āpenā’’ti iminā pana āpasaddassa itthiliṅgabhāvavigamo siddho itthiliṅge enādesābhāvato. ‘‘Āpassa, āpasmi’’nti imināpi itthiliṅgabhāvavigamoyeva itthiliṅge sarūpato nā smā smiṃ vacanānamabhāvā. ‘‘Atīto’’ti iminā itthiliṅganapuṃsakaliṅgabhāvavigamo okārantanapuṃsakaliṅgassa abhāvato, okārantassa guṇanāmabhūtassa itthiliṅgassa ca abhāvato.

Apica buddhavacanādīsu ‘‘cittāni, rūpānī’’tiādīni viya sanikārānaṃ rūpānaṃ adassanato okārantabhāvena gahitassa napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvavigamo atīva pākaṭo. Aparampettha vattabbaṃ – ‘‘atīto āpo atthīti? Āmantā’’ti ettha ‘‘atīto’’ti iminā āpasaddassa visadākāravohāratāsūcakena okārantapadena tassa avisadākāravohāratāya ca ubhayamuttākāravohāratāya ca abhāvo siddho. Tassa ca avisadākāravohāratāya abhāve siddhe itthiliṅgabhāvo dūrataro. Ubhayamuttākāravohāratāya ca abhāve siddhe napuṃsakaliṅgabhāvopi dūrataroyeva. Iti na katthacipi okārantabhāvena gahito āpasaddo itthiliṅgo vā napuṃsakaliṅgo vā bhavati. Milindapañhe pana niggahītantavasena āgato napuṃsakaliṅgoti veditabbo, na cettha vattabbaṃ ‘‘atīto’’ti ‘‘tenā’’ti ca imāni liṅgavipallāsavasena vuttānīti vāccaliṅgānamanuvattāpakassa abhidheyyaliṅgabhūtassa āpasaddassa ‘‘kaññāya cittānī’’tiādīnaṃ viya itthinapuṃsakaliṅgarūpānaṃ abhāvato. Apica vohārakusalā tathāgatā tathāgatasāvakā ca, tehiyeva uttamapurisehi vohārakusalehi ‘‘atīto āpo’’tiādinā vuttattāpi ‘‘atīto’’ti ‘‘tenā’’ti ca imāni liṅgavipallāsavasena vuttānīti na cintetabbāni, tasmā taṃsamānādhikaraṇo okārantabhāvena gahito āpasaddo ekavacananto pulliṅgo ceva yathāpayogaṃ ekavacanabahuvacanako cāti veditabbo ‘‘āpo, āpā. Āpaṃ, āpe’’tiādinā yojetabbattā. Evaṃ vuttāni suttapadāni savinicchayāni sutvā addhā te āpasaddassa itthiliṅgabahuvacanatāvādino niruttarā bhavissanti.

Ettha koci vadeyya – pāḷiyaṃ pulliṅganayo ekavacananayo ca kiṃ aṭṭhakathāṭīkācariyehi na diṭṭho, ye āpasaddassa itthiliṅgabahuvacanattaṃ vaṇṇesunti? No na diṭṭho, diṭṭhoyeva so nayo tehi. Yasmā pana te na kevalaṃ sāṭṭhakathe tepiṭake buddhavacaneyeva visāradā, atha kho sakalepi saddasatthe visāradā, tasmā saddasatthe attano paṇḍiccaṃ pakāsetuṃ, ‘‘saddasatthe ca īdiso nayo vutto’’ti viññāpetuñca saddasatthanayaṃ gahetvā āpasaddassa itthiliṅgabahuvacanakattaṃ vaṇṇesunti natthi tesaṃ doso. Tathā hi mūlapariyāyasuttantaṭṭhakathāyaṃ tehiyeva vuttaṃ āpasaddassa pulliṅgekavacanakattasūcanakaṃ ‘‘lakkhaṇasasambhārārammaṇasammutivasena catubbidho āpo, tesū’’tiādi, tasmā natthi tesaṃ doso. Pūjārahā hi te āyasmanto, namoyeva tesaṃ karoma, na tesaṃ vacanaṃ codanābhājanaṃ. Ye pana ujuvipaccanīkavādā daḷhameva āpasaddassa itthiliṅgabahuvacanattaṃ mamāyanti, tesaṃyeva vacanaṃ codanābhājanaṃ. Yasmā pana mayaṃ pāḷinayānusārena antadvayavato āpasaddassa pulliṅgattaṃ napuṃsakaliṅgattañca vidadhāma, tasmā yo koci idaṃ vādaṃ madditvā aññaṃ vādaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ sakkhissatīti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati, idañca pana ṭhānaṃ mahāgahanaṃ duppaṭivijjhanaṭṭhena, paramasukhumañca katañāṇasambhārehi paramasukhumañāṇehi paṇḍitehi vedanīyattā. Sabbamidañhi vacanaṃ tesu tesu ṭhānesu atthabyañjanapariggahaṇe sotūnaṃ paramakosallajananatthañceva sāsane ādaraṃ akatvā saddasatthamatena kālaṃ vītināmentānaṃ sāthalikānaṃ pamādavihāranisedhanatthañca sāsanassātimahantabhāvadīpanatthañca vuttaṃ, na attukkaṃsanaparavambhanatthanti imissaṃ nītiyaṃ saddhāsampannehi kulaputtehi yogo karaṇīyo bhagavato sāsanassa ciraṭṭhitatthaṃ.

Yasmā pana pāḷito aṭṭhakathā balavatī nāma natthi, tasmā pāḷinayānurūpeneva āpasaddassa nāmikapadamālaṃ yojessāma sotūnamasammohatthaṃ, kimettha saddasatthanayo karissati. Atrāyaṃ udānapāḷi ‘‘kiṃ kayirā udapānena, āpā ce sabbadā siyu’’nti.

Āpo, āpā. Āpaṃ, āpe. Āpena, āpehi, āpebhi. Āpassa, āpānaṃ. Āpā, āpasmā, āpamhā, āpehi, āpebhi. Āpassa, āpānaṃ. Āpe, āpasmiṃ, āpamhi, āpesu. Bho āpa, bhavanto āpā.

Sabbanāmādīhipi yojessāma – yo āpo, ye āpā. Yaṃ āpaṃ, ye āpe. Yena āpena, sesaṃ neyyaṃ , so āpo, te āpā. Atīto āpo, atītā āpā. Sesaṃ neyyaṃ. Iccevaṃ –

Purisena samā āpa-saddādī sabbathā matā;

Na sabbathāva gosaddo, purisena samo mato.

Manādī ekadesena, purisena samā matā;

Sarādī ekadesena, sabbathā vā samā matā.

Ye panettha saddā ‘‘manogaṇo’’ti vuttā, kathaṃ tesaṃ manogaṇabhāvo sallakkhetabboti? Vuccate tesaṃ manogaṇabhāvasallakkhaṇakāraṇaṃ –

Manogaṇo manogaṇā-

Dikā cevā’manogaṇo;

Iti saddā tidhā ñeyyā,

Manogaṇavibhāvane.

Ye te nā sa smiṃvisaye,

Sā so syantā bhavanti ca;

Samāsataddhitantatte,

Majjhokārā ca honti hi.

Sokārantapayogā ca, kriyāyogamhi dissare;

Evaṃvidhā ca te saddā, ñeyyā ‘‘manogaṇo’’iti.

Atra tassatthassa sādhakāni payogāni sāsanato ca lokato ca yathārahamāharitvā dassessāma – manasā ce pasannena, bhāsati vā karoti vā. Na mayhaṃ manaso piyo. Sādhukaṃ manasi karotha. Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā. Manoramaṃ, manodhātu, manomayena kāyena, iddhiyā upasaṅkami. Yo ve ‘‘dassa’’nti vatvāna, adāne kurute mano. Vacasā paricitā. Vacaso vacasi.

Vacorasmīhi bodhesi, veneyyakumudañcidaṃ;

Rāgo sārāgarahito, visuddho buddhacandimā.

Kassapassa vaco sutvā, alāto etadabravi;

Esa bhiyyo pasīdāmi, sutvāna munino vaco.

Sakhā ca mitto ca mamāsi sīvika, susikkhito sādhu karohi me vaco. Ekūnatiṃso vayasā subhadda. Vayaso, vayasi, vayovuddho, vayoguṇā anupubbaṃ jahanti. Jalantamiva tejasā. Tejaso, tejasi, tejodhātukusalo. Tejokasiṇaṃ. Tapasā uttamo, tapaso, tapasi, tapodhano, tapojigucchā. Kasmā bhavaṃ vijanamaraññanissito, tapo idha krubbasi brahmapattiyā. Cetasā aññāsi, evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi, etamatthaṃ cetasi sannidhāya, cetoparivitakkamaññāya. Cetopariyañāṇaṃ, ceto paricchindati, so parasattānaṃ parapuggalānaṃ cetasā ceto paricca jānāti. Tamasā, tamaso, tamasi, tamonudo, tamoharo. Navāhametaṃ yasasā dadāmi. Yasaso, yasasi, yaso bhogasamappito. Yasoladdhākho panasmākaṃ bhogā. Yasodharā devī, yaso laddhā na majjeyya. Ayasāva malaṃ samuṭṭhitaṃ. Ayaso, ayasi, ayopākārapariyantaṃ, ayasā paṭikujjitaṃ. Seyyo ayoguḷo bhutto, ayopatto , ayomayaṃ, ayo kantatīti ayokanto. Ghatena vā bhuñjassu payasā vā, sādhu khalu payaso pānaṃ yaññadattena, payasi ojā, payodharā, payonidhi. Sahassanetto sirasā paṭiggahi. Siraso, sirasi añjaliṃ katvā, vanditabbaṃ isiddhajaṃ. Siroruhā, siro chindati. Yo kāme parivajjeti, sappasseva padāsiro. Siro te vajjhayitvāna. Sarasā, saraso, tīṇi uppalajātāni, tasmiṃ sarasi brāhmaṇa. Saroruhaṃ. Yaṃ etā upasevanti, chandasāvā dhanenavā. Sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ. Chandasi, chandoviciti, chandobhaṅgo, urasā panudahissāmi, uraso, urasi jāyati, urasilomo, uromajjhe vijjhi. Rahasā, rahaso, rahasi, rahogato nisīditvā, evaṃ cintesahaṃ tadā. Ahasā, ahasi. Jāyanti tattha pārohā, ahorattānamaccayeti imāni payogāni. Ettha ca ‘‘manena, manassa, mane, manasmiṃ, manamhī’’tiādīni ca ‘‘manaāyatanaṃ tamaparāyano ayapatto chandahānī’’tiādīni ca ‘‘na manaṃ aññāsi. Yasaṃ laddhāna dummedho. ‘‘Siraṃ chindatī’’tiādīni ca rūpāni manogaṇabhāvappakāsakāni na hontīti na dassitāni, na alabbhamānavasena, tasmātra imā ādito paṭṭhāya manogaṇabhāvavibhāvinī gāthāyo bhavanti –

‘‘Manasā manaso manasi’’,

Itiādivasā ṭhitā;

Sā so syantā saddarūpā,

Vuttā ‘‘manogaṇo’’iti.

Manodhātu vacorasmi,

Vayovuddho tapoguṇo;

Tejodhātu tamonāso,

Yasobhogasamappito.

Cetoparivitakko ca, ayopatto payodharā;

Siroruhā saroruhaṃ, uromajjhe rahogato.

Chandobhaṅgo ahorattaṃ, manomaya’mayomayaṃ;

Evaṃvidho viseso yo, lakkhaṇantaṃ manogaṇe.

‘‘Vaco sutvā, siro chindi, ayo kantati’’ iccapi;

Upayogassa saṃsiddhi, lakkhaṇantaṃ manogaṇe.

Manogaṇe vuttanayo, itthiliṅge na labbhati;

Punnapuṃsakaliṅgesu, labbhateva yathārahaṃ.

Iccevaṃ sabbathāpi –

Sā so syantāni rūpāni, sandissanti manogaṇe;

Majjhokārantarūpā ca, sokārantūpayogatā.

Idaṃ manogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ. Evaṃ manogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ anākulaṃ niggumbaṃ nijjaṭaṃ samuddiṭṭhaṃ.

Atha manogaṇādilakkhaṇaṃ kathayāma –

Ye te nā sasmiṃvisaye,

Sā so syantā yathārahaṃ;

Samāsataddhitantatte,

Majjhokāro na honti tu.

Sokārantūpayogā ca,

Kriyāyoge na honti te;

Saddā evaṃvidhā sabbe;

Manogaṇādikā matā.

Seyyathidaṃ? ‘‘Bilaṃ padaṃ mukha’’miccādayo. Tesaṃ rūpāni bhavanti – bilasā, bilaso, bilasi, bilagato, bilaṃ pāvisi. Padasāva agamāsi, tīṇi padavārāni, mākāsi mukhasā pāpaṃ, mukhagataṃ bhojanaṃ chaḍḍāpeti. Saccena danto damasā upeto. Rasavaraṃ rasamayaṃ rasaṃ pivīti. Idaṃ manogaṇādikalakkhaṇaṃ.

Aparampi bhavati –

Ye samāsādibhāvamhi, majjhokārāva honti tu;

Nā sa smiṃvisaye sāso-syantā pana na hontihi.

Sokārantūpayogā ca,

Kriyāyoge na honti te;

Saddā evaṃvidhā cāpi,

Manogaṇādikā matā.

Seyyathidaṃ? ‘‘Āpo vāyo sarado’’iccevamādayo. Tesaṃ rūpāni bhavanti – āpodhātu, vāyodhātu, āpokasiṇaṃ, vāyokasiṇaṃ, āpomayaṃ, vāyomayaṃ, jīva tvaṃ saradosataṃ, saradakālo. Āpena, āpassa, āpe, āpasmiṃ, āpamhi. Vāyena, vāyassa, vāye, vāyasmiṃ, vāyamhi. Saradena, saradassa, sarade, saradasmiṃ, saradamhi. Āpaṃ āpato sañjānāti. Vāyaṃ vāyato sañjānāti. Saradaṃ pattheti, saradaṃ ramaṇīyā nadī.

Keci panettha vadeyyuṃ ‘‘nanu sāsane vāyasaddo viya vāyusaddopi manogaṇādīsu icchitabbo’’ti? Ettha vuccate –

‘‘Vāyu vāyo’’ti etesu, pacchimoyeva icchito;

Manogaṇādīsu nādi, ādiggahavasenidha.

‘‘Manodhātu vāyodhātu’’, iccādīni padāni hi;

Akārantavaseneva, majjhokārāni sijjhare.

Vāyusaddamhi gahite, ādiggahavasenidha;

‘‘Vāyodhātū’’ti omajjhaṃ, rūpameva na hessati.

Yathā hi āyusaddassa, rūpaṃ dissati sāgamaṃ;

‘‘Āyusā ekaputta’’nti, manasādipadaṃ viya.

Na tathā vāyusaddassa, rūpaṃ dissati sāgamaṃ;

Tasmā manogaṇādimhi, tasso’kāso na vijjati.

Tathā hi ‘‘vāyati iti, vāyo’’ iti garū vaduṃ;

‘‘Vāyodhātū’’ti etassa, padassatthaṃ tahiṃ tahiṃ.

Yattha pathavī ca āpo ca, tejo vāyo na gādhati;

Ettha āpādikaṃ sadda-ttikaṃ manogaṇādike.

Idampi manogaṇādikalakkhaṇaṃ. Ettha manogaṇādikā dvidhā bhijjanti bila padādito āpādito ca. Evaṃ manogaṇādikalakkhaṇaṃ anākulaṃ niggumbaṃ nijjaṭaṃ samuddiṭṭhaṃ.

Atha amanogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ kathayāma –

Ye ca nāvisaye sontā, ye ca smāvisaye siyuṃ;

Saddā evaṃpakārā te, amanogaṇasaññitā.

Ke te? Atthabyañjanakkharasaddādayo ceva dīghorasaddā ca. Etesu hi atthasaddādīnaṃ nāvacanaṭṭhāne ‘‘atthaso byañjanaso akkharaso suttaso upāyaso sabbaso ṭhānaso’’tiādīni sontāni rūpāni bhavanti. Dīghorasaddānaṃ pana smāvacanaṭṭhāne ‘‘dīghaso oraso’’ti sontāni rūpāni bhavanti. Idaṃ amanogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ.

Aparampi bhavati –

Sabbathā vinimuttā ye, sā so syantādibhāvato;

Evaṃvidhāpi te saddā, amanogaṇasaññitā.

Ke te? ‘‘Puriso kaññā citta’’miccādayo. Idampi amanogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ. Evaṃ amanogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ anākulaṃ niggumbaṃ nijjaṭaṃ samuddiṭṭhaṃ.

Evaṃ dassitesu manogaṇalakkhaṇādīsu koci vadeyya ‘‘yadidaṃ tumhehi vuttaṃ ‘ye samāsādibhāvamhi, majjhokārāva honti tū’tiādinā manogaṇādikalakkhaṇaṃ, tena ‘‘parosataṃ gomayaṃ godhano’’iccādīsu goparasaddādayopi manogaṇādikabhāvaṃ āpajjantīti? Nāpajjanti. Kasmāti ce? Yasmā –

Ettha manogaṇādīnaṃ, antassottaṃ paṭiccidaṃ;

‘‘Majjhokārā’’ti vacanaṃ, vuttaṃ na tvāgamādikaṃ.

‘‘Parosataṃ gomaya’’nti-ādīsu amanogaṇo;

Pubbabhūtaṃ padaṃ ossā-gamattā’niccatāya ca.

Tasmā nāpajjanti. Iti sabbathāpi amanogaṇalakkhaṇaṃ nissesato dassitaṃ. Iccevaṃ manogaṇavibhāvanāyaṃ manogaṇo manogaṇādiko amanogaṇo cāti tidhā bhedo veditabbo.

Tattha manogaṇe pariyāpannasaddānaṃ samāsaṃ patvā ‘‘abyaggamanaso naro, thiracetasaṃ kulaṃ, saddheyyavacasā upāsikātiādinā liṅgattayavasena aññathāpi rūpāni bhavanti. Ettha pana keci evaṃ vadanti ‘‘yadā manasaddo sakatthe avattitvā ‘abyaggo mano yassa soyaṃ abyaggamanaso, alīno mano yassa soyaṃ alīnamanaso’ti evaṃ aññatthe vattati, tadā purisanayeneva nāmikapadamālā labbhati, na manogaṇanayenā’’ti. Taṃ na gahetabbaṃ ubhinnampi yathārahaṃ labbhanato. Tathā hi visuddhimagge puggalāpekkhanavasena ‘‘khantisoraccamettādi-guṇabhūsitacetaso. Ajjhesanaṃ gahetvānā’’ti ettha manogaṇanayo dissati. Taṭṭīkāyampi ‘‘ajjhesito dāṭhānāga-ttherena thiracetasā’’ti manogaṇanayo dissati, tasmā tesaṃ vacanaṃ na gahetabbaṃ. Evaṃ vadantā ca te abyaggamanasaddādīnaṃ abyaggamanasaiccādinā sakārantapakatibhāvena ṭhapetabbabhāvaṃ vibbhantamativasena cintetvā sabbāsu vibhattīsu, dvīsu ca vacanesu purisanayena yojetabbataṃ maññanti. Evañca sati ‘‘guṇabhūsitacetaso, thiracetasā’’ti chaṭṭhīcatutthītatiyārūpāni nasiyuṃ, aññāniyeva anabhimatāni rūpāni siyuṃ. Yasmā siyuṃ, tasmā evaṃ aggahetvā ayaṃ viseso gahetabbo.

Yattha hi samāsavasena manasaddo cetasaddādayo ca sakatthe avattitvā aññatthe vattanti, tattha sakārāgamānaṃ padānaṃ nāmikapadamālā purisanayena ca manogaṇe mananayena ca yathārahaṃ labbhati. Nissakārāgamānaṃ pana purisanayeneva labbhati. Yattha pana samāsavisayeyeva manādisaddā sakatthe vattanti, tattha nissakārāgamānaṃ nāmikapadamālā purisanayena ca manogaṇe mananayena ca labbhati.

Idāni imassatthassa āvibhāvatthaṃ, saddagatīsu ca viññūnaṃ kosalluppādanatthaṃ yathāvuttānaṃ padānaṃ padamālā tidhā katvā dassayissāma – ‘‘byāsatto mano yassa soyaṃ byāsattamanaso naro’’ti evamaccantaṃ puggalāpekkhakassa imassa padassa –

Byāsattamanaso naro, byāsattamanasā narā. Byāsattamanasaṃ naraṃ, byāsattamanase nare. Byāsattamanasā, byāsattamanena narena, byāsattamanehi, byāsattamanebhi narehi. Byāsattamanaso, byāsattamanassa narassa, byāsattamanānaṃ narānaṃ. Byāsattamanā, byāsattamanasmā, byāsattamanamhā narā, byāsattamanehi, byāsattamanebhi narehi. Byāsattamanaso, byāsattamanassa narassa, byāsattamanānaṃ narānaṃ. Byāsattamanasi, byāsattamane, byāsattamanasmiṃ, byāsattamanamhi nare, byāsattamanesu naresu. Bho byāsattamanasa nara, bhavanto byāsattamanasā narāti nāmikapadamālā bhavati.

Evaṃ sakārāgamassa labbhamānālabbhamānatā vavatthapetabbā. Ettha hi paṭhamādutiyāvibhattīnaṃ ekavacanabahuvacanaṭṭhāne ca tatiyācatutthīchaṭṭhīsattamīnaṃ ekavacanaṭṭhāne ca yathārahaṃ sāgamo bhavati ādesasaravibhattisaraparattā. Ayañca nayo sukhumo sādhukaṃ manasi kātabbo.

Aparo nayo – ‘‘byāsatto mano yassa soyaṃ byāsattamano’’ti evampi puggalāpekkhakassa imassa padassa ‘‘byāsattamano naro, byāsattamanā narā. Byāsattamanaṃ nara’’ntiādinā purisanayeneva nāmikapadamālā bhavati. Ettha pana sabbathāpi sāgamo natthi. Aparopi nayo – ‘‘byāsatto ca so mano cāti byāsattamano’’ti evaṃ cittāpekkhakassapi imassa padassa ‘‘byāsattamano, byāsattamanā. Byāsattamanaṃ, byāsattamane. Byāsattamanasā, byāsattamanenā’’tiādinā manogaṇe mananayena nāmikapadamālā bhavati, ettha pana tatiyācatutthīchaṭṭhīsattamīnaṃ ekavacanaṭṭhāneyeva sāgamo bhavati ādesasaraparattā. Yathā ca ettha, evaṃ ‘‘alīnamanaso naro’’tiādīsupi ayaṃ tividho nayo veditabbo.

Napuṃsakaliṅge pana vattabbe ‘‘byāsattamanasaṃ kulaṃ, byāsattamanāni kulāni. Byāsattamanasaṃ kulaṃ, byāsattamanāni kulāni. Byāsattamanasā kulenā’’tiādinā nāmikapadamālā yojetabbā. Ettha pana paṭhamādutiyātatiyācatutthīchaṭṭhīsattamīnaṃ ekavacanaṭṭhāneyeva yathārahaṃ sāgamo bhavati ādesasaravibhattisaraparattā, ayampi nayo sukhumo sādhukaṃ manasi kātabbo.

Itthiliṅge pana vattabbe ‘‘byāsattamanasā itthī’’ti evaṃ paṭhamekavacanaṭṭhāneyeva sāgamaṃ vatvā tato ‘‘byāsattamanā, byāsattamanāyo itthiyo. Byāsattamanaṃ itthi’’nti kaññānayena yojetabbā. ‘‘Evaṃ saddheyyavacasā upāsikā, saddheyyavacāyo upāsikāyo. Saddheyyavacaṃ upāsika’’ntiādināpi. ‘‘Byāsattamanaṃ kulaṃ, byāsattamanā itthī’’tiādinā pana cittakaññānayena yojetabbā. Ettha pana sabbathāpi sāgamo natthi.

Sotūnaṃ ñāṇappabhedajananatthaṃ aparāpi nāmikapadamālāyo dassayissāma sahanibbacanena – mano eva mānasaṃ, samussāhitaṃ mānasaṃ yassa soyaṃ samussāhitamānaso. ‘‘Samussāhitamānaso, samussāhitamānasā. Samussāhitamānasaṃ, samussāhitamānase. Samussāhitamānasenā’’ti purisanayena yojetabbā. Sundarā medhā assa atthīti sumedhaso. ‘‘Sumedhaso, sumedhasā. Sumedhasaṃ, sumedhase. Sumedhasenā’’ti purisanayena, evaṃ ‘‘bhūrimedhaso’’tiādīnampi. Tatrime payogā –

‘‘Yaṃ vadanti sumedhoti, bhūripaññaṃ sumedhasaṃ;

Kiṃ nu tamhā vippavasi, muhuttamapi piṅgiya;

Gotamā bhūripaññāṇā, gotamā bhūrimedhasā.

Nāhaṃ tamhā vippavasāmi, muhuttamapi brāhmaṇa;

Gotamā bhūripaññāṇā, gotamā bhūrimedhasā’’ti.

Itthiliṅge vattabbe ‘‘samussāhitamānasā sumedhasā’’ti rūpāni, napuṃsake vattabbe ‘‘samussāhitamānasaṃ sumedhasa’’nti rūpāni, kaññā cittanayena etesaṃ padamālā yojetabbā. Okārantapulliṅgaṭṭhāne itthiliṅgādivinicchayo nayappakāsanatthaṃ kato. Visesato hi okārantakathāyeva idhādhippetā. Apica loke nīti nāma nānappakārehi kathitā eva sobhati, ayañca sāsane nīti, tasmā nānappakārehi kathitāti.

Sabbāni nayato evaṃ, okārantapadānime;

Pulliṅgāni pavuttāni, sāsanatthaṃ mahesino.

Viseso tesu kesañci, pāḷiyaṃ yo padissati;

Paccattavacanaṭṭhāne, pakāsessāmi taṃ’dhunā.

‘‘Vanappagumbe yatha phussitagge’’, itiādinayena hi;

Katthacodantapulliṅga-rūpāni aññathā siyuṃ.

Paccattavacanicceva, tañca rūpaṃ pakāsaye;

‘‘Paccatte bhummaniddeso’’, iti bhāsanti kecana.

Tatra kānici suttapadāni dassessāma – natthi attakāre, natthi parakāre, natthi purisakāre, pariyantakate saṃsāre, jīve sattame, na hevaṃ vattabbe, bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissantīti. Imāni ekavacanabahuvacanavasena dvidhā gahetabbāni. Paccattekavacanabahuvacanānañca ekārādeso veditabbo.

Ye pana ‘‘vanappagumbeti paccattavacanassa bhummavacananiddeso’’ti vadanti, te vattabbā ‘‘yadi vanappagumbeti paccattavacanassa bhummavacananiddeso, evañca sati ‘thāliyaṃ odanaṃ pacatī’ti ettha viya ādhārasutisambhavato ‘gimhāna māse paṭhamasmiṃ gimhe’ti idaṃ kataratthaṃ jotetī’’ti? Te vadeyyuṃ ‘‘na mayaṃ bho ‘vanappagumbeti idaṃ bhummavacana’nti vadāma, atha kho ‘paccattavacanassa bhummavacananiddeso’ti vadāmā’’ti. Evampi dosoyeva tumhākaṃ, nanu ‘‘saṅghe gotami dehī’’ti etthāpi sampadānavacanassa bhummavacananiddesoti vuttepi saṅghassa dānakriyāya ādhārabhāvato ‘‘saṅghe’’ti vacanaṃ suṇantānaṃ ādhārasuti ca ādhāraparikappo ca hotiyeva. Na hi sakkā evaṃ pavattaṃ cittaṃ nivāretuṃ, tasmā ettha evaṃ pana viseso gahetabbo ‘‘paccattavacanassapi katthaci bhummavacanassa viya rūpaṃ hotī’’ti. Evañhi gahite na koci virodho. Īdisesu hi ṭhānesu niruttippabhedakusalo lokānukampako bhagavā paccattavacanavasena niddisitabbe sati evaṃ aniddisitvā lokassa sammohamuppādayanto viya kathaṃ bhummavacananiddesaṃ karissati, tasmā saddasāmaññalesamattaṃ gahetvā ‘‘bhummavacananiddeso’’ti na vattabbaṃ. Yadi saddasāmaññaṃ gahetvā bhummavacananiddesaṃ icchatha, ‘‘paccattekavacanassa upayogabahuvacananiddeso’’tipi icchitabbaṃ siyā.

Apica tatheva ‘‘attakāre’’ti paccattavacanassa bhummavacananiddese sati ādhārasutisambhavato ‘‘attakārasmiṃ kiñci vatthu natthī’’ti anadhippeto attho siyā, na pana ‘‘attakāro natthī’’ti adhippeto attho. ‘‘Upayogabahuvacananiddeso’’ti gahaṇepi upayogatthassa natthisaddena avattabbattā dosoyeva siyā, atthisaddādīnaṃ viya pana natthisaddassapi paṭhamāya yogato ‘‘attakāre’’ti idaṃ paccattavacanamevāti viññāyati. ‘‘Bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissantī’’ti etthāpi paccattavacanassa ‘‘bhummavacananiddeso’’ti vā ‘‘upayogavacananiddeso’’ti vā gahaṇe sati ‘‘bālā ca paṇḍitā cā’’ti ettakampi vattuṃ ajānanadoso siyā, ‘‘karissantī’’ti padayogato pana ‘‘bāle cā’’tiādi paccattavacanamevāti viññāyati. Yathā pana niggahītāgamavasenuccārite ‘‘cakkhuṃ udapādī’’ti pade paccattavacanassa ‘‘cakkhuṃ me dehi yācito’’ti ettha upayogavacanena sutivasena samānattepi paccattavacanatthoyeva sotāre paṭibhāti ‘‘udapādī’’tiākhyātena kathitattā, na pana vibhattivipallāsatthabhūto upayogavacanattho ‘‘udapādī’’tiākhyātena avacanīyattā, ‘‘cakkhuṃ udapādī’’ti hi bhagavatā vuttakāle ko ‘‘cakkhuṃ udapādī’’ti padaṃ parivattitvā atthamācikkhati, tathā ‘‘bāle paṇḍite’’tiādīnampi paccattavacanānaṃ aparehi ‘‘bāle paṇḍite’’tiādīhi bhummopayogavacanehi sutivasena samānattepi paccattavacanatthoyeva sotāre paṭibhāti, na itaravacanattho yathāpayogaṃ atthassa gahetabbattā. Iti ‘‘vanappagumbe, bāle, paṇḍite’’tiādīnaṃ suddhapaccattavacanattaññeva sārato paccetabbaṃ, na sutisāmaññena bhummopayogavacanattaṃ.

Yaṃ panācariyena jātakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ –

‘‘Tayo giriṃ tiantaraṃ kāmayāmi,

Pañcālā kuruyo kekake ca;

Tatuttariṃ brāhmaṇa kāmayāmi,

Tikiccha maṃ brāhmaṇa kāmanīta’’nti –

Imassa kāmanītajātakassa saṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘‘kekake cāti paccatte upayogavacanaṃ, tena kekakassa raṭṭhaṃ dassetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Evaṃ vadanto ca so ‘‘purise passati, purise patiṭṭhita’’nti, ‘‘passāmi loke sadhane manusse’’ti ca ādīsu yebhuyyena ‘‘purise, loke, sadhane, manusse’’tiādīnaṃ upayogabahuvacanabhummekavacanabhāvena āgatattā paccattekavacanabahuvacanabhāvassa pana apākaṭattā yebhuyyappavattiṃ sandhāya ‘‘idampi tādisamevā’’ti maññamāno vadati maññe. Ācariyā hi katthaci attano ruciyāpi visuṃ visuṃ kathenti. Ayaṃ pana amhākaṃ ruci – ‘‘kekake’’ti idaṃ paccattavacanameva ‘‘pañcālā, kuruyo’’ti sahajātapadāni viya, raṭṭhavācakattā pana ‘‘kuruyo’’ti padamiva bahuvacanavasena vuttaṃ. Na hi bhagavā ‘‘khattiyo, brāhmaṇo, vesso’’tiādīsu viya samānavibhattīhi niddisitabbesu sahajātapadesu pacchimaṃ upayogavacanavasena niddiseyya, yutti ca na dissati ‘‘pañcālā’’ti, ‘‘kuruyo’’ti paccattavacanaṃ vatvā ‘‘kekake’’ti upayogavacanassa vacane, tasmā ‘‘kekake’’ti idaṃ paccattavacanameva. Tathā hi sandhivisodhanavidhāyako ācariyo tādisānaṃ padānaṃ paccattavacanattaññeva vibhāvento sāmaṃ kate pakaraṇe ‘‘vanappagumbo vanappagumbe, sukhaṃ dukkhaṃ jīvo, sukhe dukkhe jīve’’ti āha, ṭīkāyampi ca tesaṃ paccattavacanabhāvameva vibhāvento ‘‘vanappagumbo, sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ, jīvo’’ti sādhanīyaṃ rūpaṃ patiṭṭhapetvā niggahītalopavasena akārokārānañca ekārādesavasena ‘‘vanappagumbe, sukhe, dukkhe, jīve’’ti rūpanipphattimāha. Sā pāḷinayānu kūlā. Kaccāyanācariyenapi pāḷinayaṃ nissāya ‘‘dvipade tulyādhikaraṇe’’ti paccattabahuvacanapadaṃ vuttaṃ. Tenāha vuttiyaṃ ‘‘dve padāni tulyādhikaraṇānī’’ti. ‘‘Dvipade tulyādhikaraṇe’’ti ca idaṃ ‘‘aṭṭha nāgāvāsasatānī’’ti vattabbe ‘‘aṭṭha nāgāvāsasate’’ti padamiva vuccatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Keci pana tesaṃ bhummekavacanattaṃ icchanti. Tattha yadi ‘‘vanappagumbe’’ti paccatte bhummavacanaṃ, ‘‘kekake’’ti ca paccatte upayogavacanaṃ, ‘‘esese eke ekaṭṭhe’’ti ettha ‘‘esese’’ti imānipi paccatte bhummavacanāni vā siyuṃ, upayogavacanāni vā. Yathetāni evaṃvidhāni na honti, suddhapaccattavacanāniyeva honti, tathā ‘‘vanappagumbe, kekake’’tiādīnipi tathāvidhāni na honti, suddhapaccattavacanāniyeva honti. Iccevaṃ sabbathāpi ‘‘vanappagumbe, bāle, paṇḍite, kekake’’ti, ‘‘viratte kosiyāyane, aṭṭha nāgāvāsasate, ke purise, esese’’ti evamādīnaṃ anekesaṃ purisaliṅgaitthiliṅganapuṃsakaliṅgasabbanāmaekavacanaanekavacanavasena sāsanavare ṭhitānaṃ padānaṃ nipphatti paccattekavacanaputhuvacanānamekārādesavaseneva bhavatīti avassamidaṃ sampaṭicchitabbaṃ. Evaṃ ‘‘vanappagumbe, bāle, paṇḍite’’tiādīnaṃ suddhapaccattavacanatā atīva sukhumā dubbiññeyyā, saddhena kulaputtena ācariye payirupāsitvā tadupadesaṃ sakkaccaṃ gahetvā jānitabbā. Buddhavacanasmiñhi saddato ca atthato ca adhippāyato ca akkharacintakānaṃ ñāṇacakkhusammuyhanaṭṭhānabhūtā pāḷinayā vividhā dissanti.

Tattha saddato tāva idaṃ sammuyhanaṭṭhānaṃ – ‘‘virattā kosiyāyanī’’ti vattabbe ‘‘viratte kosiyāyane’’ti itthiliṅgapaccattavacanaṃ dissati, ‘‘ko puriso’’ti vattabbe ‘‘ke purise’’ti sabbanāmikapaccattavacanaṃ dissati, ‘‘kinnāmo te upajjhāyo’’ti vattabbe ‘‘konāmo te upajjhāyo’’ti samāsapadaṃ pulliṅgavisayaṃ dissati. Kiṃ nāmaṃ etassāti konāmoti hi samāso. Tena ‘‘konāmā itthī, konāmaṃ kula’’nti ayampi nayo gahetabbo. ‘‘Kva te balaṃ mahārājā’’ti vattabbe ‘‘ko te balaṃ mahārājā’’ti ettha kvasaddena īsakaṃ samānasutiko sattamiyanto kosaddo dissati, kva kosaddā hi aññamaññamīsakasamānasutikā. Tathā ‘‘idha hemantagimhesu, idha hemantagimhisu, na tenatthaṃ abandhi so, na tenatthaṃ abandhisū’’ti aññānipi yojetabbāni.

Atthato pana idaṃ sammuyhanaṭṭhānaṃ – ‘‘yaṃ na kañcanadvepiñcha, andhena tamasā gata’’nti ettha nakāro ‘‘kata’’nti iminā sambandhitabbo. Na katanti kataṃ viyāti attho. Ettha hi nakāro upamāne vattati, na paṭisedhe.

‘‘Assaddho akataññū ca,

Sandhicchedo ca yo naro;

Hatāvakāso vantāso,

Sa ve uttamaporiso’’ti

Evamādīnipi aññāni yojetabbāni.

Adhippāyato idaṃ sammuyhanaṭṭhānaṃ – ‘‘taṇhaṃ asmimānaṃ sassatucchedadiṭṭhiyo dvādasāyatananissitaṃ nandirāgañca hantvā brāhmaṇo anīgho yātī’’ti vattabbepi tathā avatvā tamevatthaṃ gahetvā aññena pariyāyena

‘‘Mātaraṃ pitaraṃ hantvā, rājāno dve ca khattiye;

Raṭṭhaṃ sānucaraṃ hantvā, anīgho yāti brāhmaṇo’’ti

Vuttaṃ.

‘‘Vanaṃ chindatha mā rukkhaṃ, vanato jāyate bhayaṃ;

Chetvā vanañca vanathaṃ, nibbanā hotha bhikkhavo’’ti

Evamādīnipi aññāni yojetabbāni. Evaṃ buddhavacane saddato ca atthato ca adhippāyato ca akkharacintakānaṃ ñāṇacakkhusammuyhanaṭṭhānabhūtā pāḷinayā vividhā dissanti. Yathāha –

‘‘Jānantā api saddasatthamakhilaṃ muyhanti pāṭhakkame,

Yebhuyyena hi lokanītividhurā pāṭhe nayā vijjare;

Paṇḍiccampi pahāya bāhiragataṃ ettheva tasmā budho,

Sikkheyyāmaladhammasāgaratare nibbānatitthūpage’’ti.

Evaṃ pāḷinayānaṃ dubbiññeyyattā ‘‘vanappagumbe, bāle ca, paṇḍite cā’’tiādīnaṃ suddhapaccattavacanattaññeva sārato paccetabbaṃ, na sutisāmaññena bhummopayogavacanattaṃ bhummopayogavacanehi tesaṃ samānasutikattepi paccattajotakattā. Samānasutikāpi hi saddā atthappakaraṇaliṅgasaddantarābhisambandhādivasena atthavisesajotakā bhavanti. Taṃ yathā? ‘‘Sīho gāyatī’’ti vutte ‘‘evaṃnāmako puriso’’ti attho viññāyati. ‘‘Sīho naṅguṭṭhaṃ cāletī’’ti vutte pana ‘‘migarājā’’ti viññāyati. Evaṃ atthavasena samānasutikānaṃ atthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. Saṅgāme ṭhatvā ‘‘sindhavamānehī’’ti vutte ‘‘asso’’ti viññāyati. Rogisālāyaṃ pana ‘‘sindhavamānehī’’ti vutte ‘‘lavaṇa’’nti viññāyati. Evaṃ pakaraṇavasena samānasutikānaṃ atthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. ‘‘Issā’’ti vutte ‘‘evaṃnāmikā dhammajātī’’ti viññāyati. ‘‘Isso’’ti vutte pana ‘‘acchamigo’’ti viññāyati. Evaṃ liṅgavasena ekadesasamānasutikānaṃ atthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. Ettha pana kiñcāpi ‘‘devadattaṃ pakkosa ghaṭadhārakaṃ daṇḍadhāraka’’ntiādīsupi ghaṭadaṇḍādīni liṅgaṃ, tathāpi samānasutikādhikārattā na taṃ idhādhippetaṃ.

‘‘Issā uppajjatī’’ti ca ‘‘issā purisamanubandhiṃsū’’ti ca vutte pana sabbathā samānasutikānaṃ saddantarābhisambandhavasena yathāvuttaatthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. Tathā ‘‘sīho bhikkhave migarājā sāyanhasamayaṃ āsayā nikkhamatī’’ti vutte ‘‘migādhipo kesarasīho’’ti viññāyati. ‘‘Sīho samaṇuddeso, sīho senāpatī’’ti ca vutte pana ‘‘sīho nāma sāmaṇero, sīho nāma senāpatī’’ti viññāyati. Evampi saddantarābhisambandhavasena samānasutikānaṃ atthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. ‘‘Addasaṃsu kho chabbaggiyā bhikkhū sattarasavaggiye bhikkhū vihāraṃ paṭisaṅkharonte’’ti evampi saddantarābhisambandhavasena samānasutikānaṃ paccattopayogatthasaṅkhātaatthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati. Tathā ‘‘siñca bhikkhu imaṃ nāvaṃ, aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavocā’’ti evampi saddantarābhisambandhavasena samānasutikānaṃ ālapanatthapaccattatthasaṅkhātaatthavisesajotanaṃ bhavati, tasmā ‘‘vanappagumbe yatha phussitagge’’tiādīni bhummopayogavacanehi sadisattepisaddantarābhisambandhavasena suddhapaccattavacanānīti gahetabbāni. Paccattekavacanabahuvacanānaṃ eva hi ekārādesavasena evaṃvidhāni rūpāni bhavanti bhummopayogavacanāni viyāti. Nanu ca bho evaṃvidhānaṃ rūpānaṃ pāḷiyaṃ dissanato ‘ekārantampi pulliṅgaṃ atthī’ti vattabbanti? Na vattabbaṃ, okārantabhāvogadharūpavisesattā tesaṃ rūpānaṃ. Ādesavasena hi siddhattā visuṃ ekārantapulliṅgaṃ nāma natthi, tasmā pulliṅgānaṃ yathāvuttasattavidhatāyeva gahetabbāti.

Keci pana vadeyyuṃ ‘‘yāyaṃ purisasaddanayaṃ gahetvā ‘bhūto, bhūtā. Bhūta’ntiādinā sabbesamokārantapadānaṃ nāmikapadamālā vibhattā, tattha catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni kimatthaṃ na vuttānī’’ti? Visesadassanatthaṃ. Tādisāni hi catutthekavacanarūpāni pāḷinaye porāṇaṭṭhakathānaye ca upaparikkhiyamāne ‘‘gatyatthakammani, nayanatthakammani, vibhattivipariṇāme, tadatthe cā’’ti saṅkhepato imesu catūsuyeva ṭhānesu, pabhedato pana sattasu ṭhānesu dissanti. Dānarocanadhāraṇanamoyogādibhede pana yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye na dissanti, iti imaṃ visesaṃ dassetuṃ na vuttānīti. Nanu dānakriyāyoge ‘‘abhirūpāya kaññā deyyā’’ti catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitarūpadassanato imasmimpi saddanītippakaraṇe ‘‘purisāya, bhūtāyā’’tiādīni vattabbāni, evaṃ sante kasmā ‘‘dānarocanadhāraṇanamoyogādibhede pana yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye na dissantī’’ti vuttanti? Apāḷinayattā. ‘‘Abhirūpāya kaññā deyyā’’ti ayañhi saddasatthato āgato nayo, na buddhavacanato. Buddhavacanañhi patvā ‘‘abhirūpassa kaññā deyyā’’ti padarūpaṃ bhavissatīti. Nanu ca bho namoyogādīsupi catutthekavacanassa āyādeso dissatīti. Sāsanāvacarāpi hi nipuṇā paṇḍitā ‘‘namo buddhāyā’’tiādīni vatvā ratanattayaṃ vandanti. Keci pana –

‘‘Namo buddhāya buddhassa,

Namo dhammāya dhammino;

Namo saṅghāya saṅghassa,

Namokārena sotthi me’’ti ca,

‘‘Mukhe sarasi samphulle, nayanuppalapaṅkaje;

Pādapaṅkajapūjāya, buddhāya satataṃ dade’’ti ca,

‘‘Naro naraṃ yācati kiñci vatthuṃ, narena dūto pahito narāyā’’ti ca gāthāracanampi kubbantīti? Saccaṃ, sāsanāvacarāpi nipuṇā paṇḍitā ‘‘namo buddhāyā’’tiādīnivatvā ratanattayaṃ vandanti, gāthāracanampi kubbanti, evaṃ santepi te saddasatthe kataparicayavasena saddasatthato nayaṃ gahetvā tathārūpā gāthāpi cuṇṇiyapadānipi abhisaṅkharonti, ‘‘namo buddhāyā’’tiādīni vatvā ratanattayaṃ vandanti. Ye pana saddasatthe akataparicayā antamaso bāladārakā, tepi aññesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā kataparicayavasena ‘‘namo buddhāyā’’tiādīni vatvā ratanattayaṃ vandanti, ‘‘namo buddhassā’’ti vadantā pana appakatarā. Katthaci hi padese kumārake akkharasamayaṃ uggaṇhāpentā garū akkharānamādimhi ‘‘namo buddhāyā’’ti sikkhāpenti, na pana ‘‘namo buddhassā’’ti, evaṃ santepi pāḷinaye porāṇaṭṭhakathānaye ca upaparikkhiyamāne ṭhapetvā gatyatthakammādiṭṭhānacatukkaṃ, pabhedato sattaṭṭhānaṃ vā dānarocanadhāraṇanamoyogādibhede yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni na dissanti, tasmā kehici abhisaṅkhatāni ‘‘namo buddhāya, buddhāya dānaṃ dentī’’ti padāni pāḷiṃ patvā ‘‘namo buddhassa, buddhassa dānaṃ dentī’’ti aññarūpāni bhavantīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Ayaṃ pana pāḷinayaaṭṭhakathānayānurūpena āyādesassa payogaracanā – ‘‘buddhāya saraṇaṃ gacchati, buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchatī’’ti vā, ‘‘buddhāya nagaraṃ nenti, buddhaṃ nagaraṃ nentī’’ti vā, ‘‘buddhāya sakkato dhammo, buddhena sakkato dhammo’’ti vā, ‘‘buddhāya jīvitaṃ pariccajati, buddhassa atthāya jīvitaṃ pariccajatī’’ti vā, ‘‘buddhāya apenti aññatitthiyā, buddhasmā apenti aññatitthiyā’’ti vā , ‘‘buddhāya dhammatā, buddhassa dhammatā’’ti vā, ‘‘buddhāya pasanno, buddhe pasanno’’ti vā iti pabhedato imaṃ sattaṭhānaṃ vivajjetvā aññattha āyādeso na dissati. Tathā hi –

Pāṭhe mahānamakkāra-saṅkhāte sādhunandane;

Sampadāne namoyoge, āyādeso na dissati.

Ettha mahānamakkārapāṭho nāma ‘‘namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassā’’ti pāṭho. Atrāpi āyādeso na dissati. Vammikasuttepi ‘‘namo karohi nāgassā’’ti evaṃ āyādeso na dissati. Ambaṭṭhasuttepi ‘‘sotthi bhadante hotu rañño, sotthi janapadassa’’. Evaṃ āyādeso na dissati.

‘‘Suppabuddha’’nti pāṭhassa, atthasaṃvaṇṇanāyapi;

Sampadāne namoyoge, āyādeso na dissati.

Tathā hi

‘‘Suppabuddhaṃ pabujjhanti, sadā gotamasāvakā;

Yesaṃ divā ca ratto ca, niccaṃ buddhagatā satī’’ti

Imissā pāḷiyā aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘sammādiṭṭhikassa putto guḷaṃ khipamāno buddhānussatiṃ āvajjetvā ‘namo buddhassā’ti vatvā guḷaṃ khipatī’’ti āyādesavajjito saddaracanāviseso dissati. Sagāthāvaggavaṇṇanāyampi dhanañjānīsuttaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘tvaṃ ṭhitāpi nisinnāpi khipitvāpi kāsetvāpi ‘namo buddhassā’ti tassa muṇḍakassa samaṇakassa namakkāraṃ karosī’’ti āyādesavajjito saddaracanāviseso dissati. Tathā tattha tattha ‘‘buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa dānaṃ deti. Tassa purisassa bhattaṃ na ruccati. Samaṇassa rocate saccaṃ, buddhassa chattaṃ dhāreti, buddhassa silāghate’’tiādinā āyādesavivajjito saddaracanāviseso dissati. Evaṃ dānarocanādīsu bahūsu sampadānavisayesu catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitaṃ rūpaṃ na dissati.

Gatyatthakammādīsu pana catūsu ṭhānesu dissati. Tathā hi ‘‘mūlāya paṭikasseyya, appo saggāya gacchatī’’ti cettha gatyatthakammani dissati. Ettha hi ‘‘mūlaṃ paṭikasseyya, appo saggaṃ gacchatī’’ti ca attho. ‘‘Paṭikasseyyā’’ti cettha kasa gatiyanti dhātussa patiupasaggena visesitattā ‘‘ākaḍḍheyyā’’ti attho bhavati. ‘‘Ayaṃ puriso mama atthakāmo, yo maṃ gahetvāna dakāya netī’’ti ettha nayanatthakammani dissati. Ettha hi maṃ udakaṃ neti, attano vasanakasobbhaṃ pāpetīti attho. ‘‘Viramathāyasmanto mama vacanāyā’’ti ettha vibhattivipariṇāme dissati. Mama vacanato viramathāti hi nissakkavacanavasena attho. ‘‘Mahāgaṇāya bhattā me’’ti etthāpi vibhattivipariṇāme dissati. Mama mahato haṃsagaṇassa bhattāti hi sāmivacanavasena attho. Mama haṃsarājāti cettha adhippāyo. ‘‘Asakkatā casma dhanañcayāyā’’ti etthāpi vibhattivipariṇāme dissati. Mayaṃ dhanañcayassa rañño asakkatā ca bhavāmāti hi kattutthe sāmivacanaṃ. Tathā hi ‘‘dhanañcayassā’’ti vā ‘‘dhanañcayenā’’ti vā vattabbe evaṃ avatvā ‘‘dhanañcayāyā’’ti sampadānavacanaṃ dānakriyādikassa sampadānavisayassa abhāvato vibhattivipariṇāmeyeva yujjati, tasmā dhanañcayarājena mayaṃ asakkatā ca bhavāmāti attho gahetabbo. Aññampi vibhattivipariṇāmaṭṭhānaṃ maggitabbaṃ.

‘‘Virāgāya upasamāya nirodhāyā’’tiādīni pana anekasahassāni āyādesasahitāni saddarūpāni tadatthe pavattanti. Aṭṭhakathācariyāpi hi dhammavinayasaddatthaṃ vaṇṇentā ‘‘dhammānaṃ vinayāya. Anavajjadhammatthañhesa vinayo, na bhavabhogādiattha’’nti tadatthavaseneva āyādesasahitaṃ saddarūpaṃ payuñjiṃsu, evaṃ catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni gatyatthakammani nayanatthakammani vibhattivipariṇāme tadatthe cāti imesu catūsuyeva ṭhānesu dissanti, na pana dānarocanādibhede yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye. Tathā hi niruttipiṭake ‘‘atthāyāti sampadānavacana’’nti āyādesasahitaṃ saddarūpaṃ vuttaṃ, purisasaddādivasena pana tādisāni rūpāni na vuttāni tādisānaṃ saddarūpānaṃ yattha katthaci appavattanato. Kaccāyanappakaraṇepi hi ‘‘āya catutthekavacanassa tū’’ti lakkhaṇassa vuttiyaṃ ‘‘atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’’nti vuttaṃ. ‘‘Purisāyā’’ti vā ‘‘samaṇāyā’’ti vā ‘‘brāhmaṇāyā’’ti vā na vuttanti.

Ettha siyā – nanu bho tasseva vuttiyaṃ ‘‘catutthīti kimatthaṃ purisassa mukhaṃ. Ekavacanassāti kimatthaṃ purisānaṃ dadāti. Vāti kimatthaṃ dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā’’ti vuttattā ‘‘purisāya samaṇāya brāhmaṇāyā’’tiādīni padarūpāni nayato dassitāni, kevalaṃ pana mukhasaddayogato bahuvacanabhāvato vikappanato ca ‘‘purisāyā’’tiādīni na sijjhanti, mukhasaddayogādivirahite pana ṭhāne avassaṃ sijjhantīti? Ettha vuccate – ‘‘catutthīti kimatthaṃ purisassa mukha’’nti vadanto ‘‘sace āyādeso bhaveyya , catutthiyā eva bhavati, na chaṭṭhiyā’’ti dassento ‘‘mukha’’nti padaṃ dassesi, na ca tena ‘‘mukhasaddaṭṭhāne detītiādike sampadānavisayabhūte kriyāpade ṭhite āyādeso hotī’’ti dasseti. ‘‘Ekavacanassāti kimatthaṃ purisānaṃ dadātī’’ti vadantopi ‘‘ekavacanasseva āyādeso hoti, na bahuvacanassā’’ti dasseti. ‘‘Dadātī’’ti idaṃ padaṃ ‘‘purisāna’’nti padassa sampadānavacanattaṃ ñāpetuṃ avoca, na ca ‘‘detītiādike sampadānavisayabhūte kriyāpade sati catutthekavacanassa āyādeso hotī’’ti imamatthaṃ viññāpeti. ‘‘Vāti kimatthaṃ dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā’’ti ca vadantopi ‘‘sampadāneyeva vikappena āyādeso hotī’’ti viññāpeti, na dānādikriyaṃ paṭicca āyādesavidhānaṃ ñāpeti.

Yadi pana dānādikriyaṃ paṭicca āyādesavidhānaṃ siyā, vuttikārakena lakkhaṇassa vuttiyaṃ mūlodāharaṇeyeva ‘‘atthāya hitāyā’’ti tadatthapayogāni viya ‘‘purisāya dīyate’’tiādi vattabbaṃ siyā, na ca vuttaṃ. Kasmāti ce? Buddhavacane porāṇaṭṭhakathāsu ca tādisassa payogassa abhāvā. Niruttipiṭake hi pabhinnapaṭisambhido so āyasmā mahākaccāno ‘‘purisassa dīyate’’ti āyādesarahitāniyeva rūpāni dasseti, ‘‘atthāyāti sampadānavacana’’nti bhaṇantopi ca thero dānādikriyāpekkhaṃ akatvā catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitaṃ rūpameva niddisi. Tena so payogo tadatthappayogoti viññāyati. Iti imehi kāraṇehi jānitabbaṃ ‘‘dānādikriyaṃ paṭicca āyādesavidhānaṃ na kata’’nti. Yajjevaṃ ‘‘atthāya hitāyā’’tiādīniyeva tadatthappayogāni ‘‘āya catutthekavacanassa tū’’ti lakkhaṇassa visayā bhaveyyuṃ, nāññānīti? Tanna, aññānipi visayāyeva tassa. Katamāni? ‘‘Mūlāya paṭikasseyya, appo saggāya gacchati, dakāya neti, viramathāyasmanto mamavacanāya, gaṇāya bhattā’’tiādīni. ‘‘Saggassa gamanena vā’’tiādīni pana vādhikārattā avisayāvāti.

Nanu ca bho evaṃ sante vuttikārakena mūlodāharaṇesu ‘‘atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’’nti vatvā ‘‘mūlāya paṭikasseyyā’’tiādīnipi vattabbāni, kimudāharaṇe pana ‘‘vāti kimatthaṃ saggassa gamanena vā’’ti vattabbanti? Saccaṃ, avacane kāraṇamatthi, taṃ suṇātha – ‘‘mūlāya paṭikasseyya, appo saggāya gacchatī’’ti ettha hi ‘‘mūlāya, saggāyā’’ti padāni suddhasampadānavacanāni na honti gatyatthakammani vattanato, tasmā mūlodāharaṇesu na vuttāni. Tathā ‘‘dakāya netī’’ti ettha ‘‘dakāyā’’ti padaṃ nayanatthakammani vattanato suddhasampadānavacanaṃ na hotīti na vuttaṃ. ‘‘Viramathāyasmanto mama vacanāyā’’ti ettha pana ‘‘vacanāyā’’ti padaṃ nissakkavacanatthe vattanato, ‘‘gaṇāya bhattā’’ti ettha ‘‘gaṇāyā’’ti padaṃ sāmivacanatthe vattanato, ‘‘asakkatā casma dhanañcayāyā’’ti ettha ‘‘dhanañcayāyā’’ti padaṃ kattuvasena sāmiatthe vattanato suddhasampadānavacanaṃ na hotīti na vuttaṃ. Kimudāharaṇepi ‘‘saggassā’’ti padaṃ gamanasaddasannidhānato gatyatthakammani vattanato suddhasampadānavacanaṃ na hotīti ‘‘vāti kimatthaṃ saggassa gamanena vā’’ti na vuttaṃ. Evañhettha vuttanayena buddhavacanaṃ porāṇaṭṭhakathānayañca patvā catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni gatyatthakammādīsu catūsuyeva ṭhānesu dissanti, na pana dānarocanādibhede yattha katthaci sampadānavisayeti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Nanu ca bho ‘‘candanasāraṃ jeṭṭhikāya adāsi suvaṇṇamālaṃ kaniṭṭhāyā’’ti dānappayoge catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitarūpadassanato ‘‘rājakaññāya dīyate, rājakaññāya ruccati alaṅkāro, rājakaññāya chattaṃ dhāreti, rājakaññāya namo karohi, rājakaññāya sotthi bhavatu, rājakaññāya silāghate’’tiādīhipi payogehi bhavitabbaṃ, atha kasmā ‘‘buddhavacanaṃ porāṇaṭṭhakathānayañca patvā catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni gatyatthakammādīsu catūsuyeva ṭhānesu dissanti, na pana dānarocanādibhede yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye’’ti vadathāti? Uppathamavatiṇṇo bhavaṃ, na hi bhavaṃ amhākaṃ vacanatthaṃ jānāti. Ayañhettha amhākaṃ vacanattho – sabbānipi itthiliṅgāni ekavacanavasena tatiyācatutthīpañcamīchaṭṭhīsattamīṭhānesu samasamāni honti, appāni asamāni, tasmā tāni ṭhapetvā pulliṅganapuṃsakaliṅgesu purisādi cittādisaddānaṃ akārantapakatibhāve ṭhitānaṃ catutthekavacanassa āyādesasahitāni rūpāni buddhavacanādīsu dānarocanādibhede yattha katthaci sampadānavisaye na dissanti. Teneva hi ‘‘mūlāya, saggāya, dakāya, vacanāya, gaṇāyā’’tiādīni gatyatthakammādīsu tīsu ‘‘abhiññāya, sambodhāya, nibbānāyā’’ti evamādīni pana anekasatāni tiliṅgapadāni tadattheyevāti imesu catūsu ṭhānesu dissanti. ‘‘Deti, rocati, dhāretī’’tiādīsu pana suddhasampadānavisayesu na dissanti. Bhavanti catra –

Catutthekavacanassa, āyādesena saṃyutaṃ;

Rūpaṃ anitthiliṅgānaṃ, ṭhānesu catusuṭṭhitaṃ.

Gatyatthakammani ceva, nayanatthassa kammani;

Vibhattiyā vipallāse, tadatthe cāti niddise.

‘‘Mūlāya paṭikasseyya, appo saggāya gacchati’’;

Evaṃ gatyatthakammasmiṃ, diṭṭhamamhehi sāsane.

‘‘Dakāya neti’’ iccevaṃ, nayanatthassa kammani;

‘‘Vacanāyā’’ti nissakke, viramaṇappayogato.

‘‘Gaṇāya’’iti sāmismiṃ, ‘‘bhattā’’ti saddayogato;

‘‘Dhanañcayāyā’’ti padaṃ, kattutthe sāmisūcakaṃ.

‘‘Asakkatā’’ti saddassa, yogatoti viniddise;

Añño cāpi vipallāso, maggitabbo vibhāvinā.

‘‘Abhiññāya sambodhāya, nibbānāyā’’timāni tu;

Liṅgattayavaseneva, tadatthasmiṃ viniddise.

Evaṃ pāṭhānulomena, kathito āyasambhavo;

Idantu sukhumaṃ ṭhānaṃ, cintetabbaṃ punappunaṃ.

Okārantavaseneva, nānānayasumaṇḍitā;

Padamālā mahesissa, sāsanatthaṃ pakāsitā.

Imamatimadhurañce cittikatvā suṇeyyuṃ,

Vividhanayavicittaṃ sādhavo saddanītiṃ;

Jinavaravacanete saddato jātakaṅkhaṃ,

Kumudamiva’sinā ve suṭṭhu chindeyyumettha.

Iti navaṅge sāṭṭhakathe piṭakattaye byappathagatīsu viññūnaṃ

Kosallatthāya kate saddanītippakaraṇe

Savinicchayo okārantapulliṅgānaṃ pakatirūpassa

Nāmikapadamālāvibhāgo nāma

Pañcamo paricchedo.

Akārantokārantatāpakatikaokārantapulliṅgaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ.